Journal of Digital Contents Society (디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지)

Digital Contents Society (한국디지털콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A study on the effect of information types on Drivers in Takeover period of automated vehicles

자율주행 자동차의 제어권 전환 상황에서 요구되는 정보 유형에 관한 연구

  • Received : 2017.11.27
  • Accepted : 2018.01.29
  • Published : 2018.01.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In level 3 automated vehicles, drivers are expected to encounter transition of control when the system reaches its limit. Drivers need to refocus their attention on the road ahead and gain situational awareness. Appropriate information should be conveyed during this period in order to prevent human errors. In this paper, we defined the takeover process as 'in-the-middle-of-the-loop' and conducted Task Analysis and Work Domain Analysis to find out information requirements. As a result, we specified required information types and interface considerations. Moreover, we conducted an experimental study to find how the information types affect drivers on situation awareness, cognitive load and reaction time. Consequently, we found different information on system transparency should be conveyed depending on the urgency of takeover situation and driver guidance could help drivers with better situation awareness after the takeover.

레벨 3단계의 자율주행 차량에서는 차량에서 운전자에게로 제어권을 이양하는 시점이 존재하게 된다. 이 때에 운전자는 전방으로 주의를 돌려 상황에 대한 인지를 해야 한다. 이 시점에서 휴먼 에러가 발생할 수 있으며, 이를 방지하기 위해 적절한 정보를 운전자에게 전달해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 운전자 관점에서의 제어권 전환 시점을 'in-the-middle-of-the-loop'이라 정의하고, 요구 정보를 도출하기 위해 과업 분석과 작업 도메인 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 요구 정보 타입과 그에 따른 인터페이스 고려사항을 도출하였다. 마지막 단계로는, 앞서 도출된 정보 타입 중 시스템 투명도에 대한 정보와 운전자 안내에 대한 정보를 선별하여 정보 별 운전자의 상황 인지, 인지 부하 그리고 반응 시간에 미치는 영향을 탐구하였다. 결론적으로, 상황의 위험도에 따라 시스템 투명도에 대한 정보를 다르게 제공해야 하며, 운전자 안내가 제어권 전환 후 상황 인지를 도와줄 수 있다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Preliminary Statement of Policy Concerning Automated Vehicles. Available: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/Automated_Vehicles_Policy.pdf
  2. N. Merat, A. H. Jamson, F. C. Lai, M. Daly, and O. M. Carsten, "Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle," Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, Vol. 27, pp. 274-282. November 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2014.09.005
  3. I. Politis, S. Brewster, and F. Pollick, "Language-based multimodal displays for the handover of control in autonomous cars," In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Nottingham, pp. 3-10. 2011.
  4. D. Miller, A. Sun, M. Johns, H. Ive, D. Sirkin, S. Aich, and W. Ju, "Distraction becomes engagement in automated driving," In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Los Angeles: CA, pp. 1676-1680, 2015.
  5. M. R. Endsley, and E. O. Kiris, "The out-of-the-loop performance problem and level of control in automation," Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 381-394, June 1995. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872095779064555
  6. C. Gold, D. Dambock, L. Lorenz, and K. Bengler, ""Take over!" How long does it take to get the driver back into the loop?" In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Torino, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 1938-1942, 2013.
  7. F. Naujoks, C. Mai, and A. Neukum, "The effect of urgency of take-over requests during highly automated driving under distraction conditions," 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, Krakow, 2014.
  8. B. K. J. Mok, M. Johns, K. J. Lee, H. P. Ive, D. Miller, and W. Ju, "Timing of unstructured transitions of control in automated driving," In Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Seoul, pp. 1167-1172, 2015.
  9. B. Mok, M. Johns, K. J. Lee, D. Miller, D. Sirkin, P. Ive, and W. Ju, "Emergency, Automation Off: Unstructured Transition Timing for Distracted Drivers of Automated Vehicles," In 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, pp. 2458-2464, 2015.
  10. B. D. Seppelt, and T. W. Victor, "Potential solutions to human factors challenges in road vehicle automation," In Road Vehicle Automation 3, pp. 131-148, 2016.
  11. M. K?rber, T. WeiBgerber, L. Kalb, C. Blaschke, and M. Farid, M, "Prediction of take-over time in highly automated driving by two psychometric tests," Dyna, Vol. 82, No. 193, pp. 195-201, September 2015. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n193.53496
  12. L. Lorenz, P. Kerschbaum, and J. Schumann, "Designing take over scenarios for automated driving: How does augmented reality support the driver to get back into the loop?," In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 1681-1685, Los Angeles: CA, 2014.
  13. F. Naujoks, Y. Forster, K. Wiedemann, and A. Neukum, "A Human-Machine Interface for Cooperative Highly Automated Driving," In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, pp. 585-595, 2017.
  14. J. Lee, N. Kim, and J. Kim, "The Effects of Feedback in a Automated Car," In Proceedings of HCI Korea, pp. 669-672, Jeongseon, 2017.
  15. N. Kim, K. Jeong, M. Yang, Y. Oh, and J. Kim, "Are You Ready to Take-over?: An Exploratory Study on Visual Assistance to Enhance Driver Vigilance," In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver: CO, pp. 1771-1778, 2017.
  16. J. Beller, M. Heesen, and M. Vollrath, "Improving the driver-automation interaction: An approach using automation uncertainty," Human factors, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 1130-1141. March 2013. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813482327
  17. T. Helldin, G. Falkman, M. Riveiro, and S. Davidsson, "Presenting system uncertainty in automotive UIs for supporting trust calibration in autonomous driving," In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Eindhoven, pp. 210-217, 2013.
  18. M. R. Endsley, "Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems," Human factors, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 32-64. March 1995. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872095779049543
  19. M. Matthews, D. Bryant, R. Webb, and J. Harbluk, "Model for situation awareness and driving: Application to analysis and research for intelligent transportation systems," Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, pp. 26-32. 2001.
  20. W. Fastenmeier, and H. Gstalter, "Driving task analysis as a tool in traffic safety research and practice," Safety Science, Vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 952-979. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.08.023
  21. N. Naikar, R. Hopcroft, and A. Moylan, Work domain analysis: Theoretical concepts and methodology, DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION VICTORIA (AUSTRALIA) AIR OPERATIONS DIV, DSTO-TR-1665.
  22. P. M. Salmon, M. Regan, M. G. Lenn?, N. A. Stanton, and K. Young, "Work domain analysis and intelligent transport systems: implications for vehicle design," International journal of vehicle design, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 426-448. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVD.2007.014914
  23. J. M. McGuirl, and N. B. Sarter, "Supporting trust calibration and the effective use of decision aids by presenting dynamic system confidence information," Human factors, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 656-665. December 2006. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872006779166334
  24. R. van der Heiden, S. T. Iqbal, and C. P. Janssen, "Priming Drivers before Handover in Semi-Autonomous Cars," In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver: CO, pp. 392-404, 2017.
  25. F. Naujoks, C. Purucker, A. Neukum, S. Wolter, and R. Steiger, "Controllability of Partially Automated Driving functions-Does it matter whether drivers are allowed to take their hands off the steering wheel?," Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, Vol. 35, pp. 185-198. November 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.022
  26. Y. Shi, N. Ruiz, R. Taib, E. Choi, and F. Chen, "Galvanic skin response (GSR) as an index of cognitive load," In CHI'07 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, San Jose: CA, pp. 2651-2656, 2007.
  27. R. M. Taylor, "Situational Awareness Rating Technique(SART): The development of a tool for aircrew systems design," Situational Awareness in Aerospace Operations, pp. 17, 1990.
  28. J. Lee, N. Kim, J. Kim, "A Study on Driver Experience in Autonomous Car Based on Trust and Distrust Model of Automation System," Digital Contents Society Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 713-722, 2017.

Cited by

  1. 자율주행 자동차의 제어권 전환 시간 확보를 위한 차간 통신 기반 종방향 제어 알고리즘 개발 vol.12, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.22680/kasa2020.12.1.015