Atmosphere (대기)

Korean Meteorological Society (한국기상학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Local Enhancement Mechanism of Cold Surges over the Korean Peninsula

한반도 한파의 지역적 강화 메커니즘

  • Lee, Hye-Young (Department of Atmospheric Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Kim, Joowan (Department of Atmospheric Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Park, In-Gyu (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kang, Hyungyu (Department of Atmospheric Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Ryu, Hosun (Department of Atmospheric Science, Kongju National University)
  • 이혜영 (공주대학교 대기과학과) ;
  • 김주완 (공주대학교 대기과학과) ;
  • 박인규 (서울대학교 지구환경과학부) ;
  • 강현규 (공주대학교 대기과학과) ;
  • 류호선 (공주대학교 대기과학과)
  • Received : 2018.09.14
  • Accepted : 2018.11.05
  • Published : 2018.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study investigates synoptic characteristics of cold surges over South Korea during winter season (December-February). A total of 63 cold events are selected by quantile regression analysis using daily mean temperature observations from 11 KMA stations for 38 years (1979/80-2016/17). Large-scale pressure pattern during the cold surges is well characterized by high over Siberia and low over Aleutian regions, which elucidates cold advection over the Korean peninsula. However, the large-scale pattern cannot successfully explain the observed sudden decrease of temperature during the cold surges. Composite analyses reveal that a synoptic-scale cyclone developing over the northern Japan is a key feature that significantly contribute to the enhancement of cold advection by increasing pressure gradient over the Korean peninsula. Enhanced sensible and latent heat fluxes are observed over the southern ocean of Korea and Japan during the cold surges due to temperature and humidity differences between the near surface and the lower atmosphere over the ocean. The evaporated water vapor transported toward the center of the surface cyclone and condenses in the lower-to-middle troposphere. The released energy likely promotes the development of the surface cyclone by inducing positive PV near the surface of the heating region.

Keywords

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0002.png 이미지

Fig. 2. Lag composite of one-point correlation between observed mean temperature from 11 KMA stations and 2-meter temperature from ERA interim for sampled cold surges. Number n lag days of ERA-interim data with respect to the station observation. Significant values at 99% confidence level are indicated by black dots.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0003.png 이미지

Fig. 3. Composites of geopotential height at 500 hPa (white contour), mean sea level pressure (black contour) and air temperature anomalies (shading) at 100 hPa for the 63 cold surge cases. Contour intervals are 90 m and 4 hPa for 500 hPa geopotential and sealevel pressure respectively. Number on lag indicate days of the analysis data with respect to cold surge days.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0004.png 이미지

Fig. 4. The same with Fig. 3 but for temperature advection at 850 hPa (shaded) and 850 hPa horizontal winds (vector). Dots indicate significant temperature advection at 99% confidence level. Only significant winds at 99% confidence level are presented. The red square is for calculating the averaged temperature advection for Fig. 5.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0005.png 이미지

Fig. 5. Lag composite of temperature advection averaged over the Korean peninsula in Fig. 4. Curves in light gray present the values of individual events.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0006.png 이미지

Fig. 6. Composite of pressure tendency at surface (shaded) and mean sea level pressure (contour) for the cold surge cases. Contour interval is 4 hPa.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0007.png 이미지

Fig. 7. Composites of surface latent (left column) and sensible (right column) fluxs from the ocean. Upward flux from the ocean to the atmosphere is presented as positive.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0008.png 이미지

Fig. 8. Composite of daily mean moisture flux (vector) and moisture convergence (shaded) at 850 hPa one day before the cold surges.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0009.png 이미지

Fig. 9. Composite of temperature tendency by physics heatings (K day−1) at 850 hPa. The red square is for calculating the averaged temperature tendency by the physical heating of Fig. 10.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0010.png 이미지

Fig. 10. Composite of averaged physics heating tendency in the red square in Fig. 9 as a function of height. Light-colored curves denote individual cases.

KSHHDL_2018_v28n4_383_f0011.png 이미지

Fig. 1. (a) Daily mean temperature averaged over 11 KMA station in winter season for period of 1979/80-2016/17. The star (*) denote sampled cold surges. The number of cold day is 63. (b) The number of cold surges (blue bar), Mean temperature anomalies (red line) during the analysis period only winter.

References

  1. Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
  2. Franzke, C., 2013: A novel method to test for significant trends in extreme values in serially dependent time series. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1391-1395, doi:10.1002/grl.50301.
  3. Gong, D.-Y., S.-W. Wang, and J.-H. Zhu, 2001: East Asian winter monsoon and Arctic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2073-2076. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012311
  4. Hoskins, B. J., and P. J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm-tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1854-1864. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1854:OTEOST>2.0.CO;2
  5. Jeong, J.-H., and C.-H. Ho, 2005: Changes in occurrence of cold surges over east Asia in association with Arctic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14704.
  6. Jeong, J.-H., B.-M. Kim, C.-H. Ho, D. Chen, and G.-H. Lim, 2006: Stratospheric origin of cold surge occurrence in East Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14710. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026607
  7. Kim, S.-W., K. Song, S.-Y. Kim, S.-W. Son, and C. Franzke, 2014: Linear and nonlinear trends of extreme temperatures in Korea. Atmosphere, 24, 379-390 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2014.24.3.379
  8. Koenker, R., and K. F. Hallock, 2001: Quantile regression. J. Econ. Perspect., 15, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.143
  9. Lim, S.-M., S.-W. Yeh, and G.-R. Kim, 2012: Analysis on the Relationship between the Korean Temperature and the Atmospheric Circulation over the Northern Hemisphere during winter. Atmosphere, 22, 187-197 (in Korean with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2012.22.2.187
  10. Methven, J., 2015: Potential vorticity in warm conveyor belt outflow. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1065-1071, doi:10.1002/qj.2393.
  11. Ryoo S.-B., and W.-T. Kwon, 2002: Climatological characteristics of cold winter and cold days over South Korea. Atmosphere, 12, 288-291 (in Korean).
  12. Ryoo S.-B., J.-G. Jhun, W.-T. Kwon, and S.-K. Min, 2002: Climatological aspects of warm and cold winters in South Korea. Korean J. Atmos. Sci., 5, 29-37.
  13. Schemm, S., and H. Wernli, 2014: The linkage between the warm and the cold conveyor belts in an idealized extratropical cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 1443-1459, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0177.1.
  14. Stoelinga, M. T., 1996: A potential vorticity-based study of the role of diabatic heating and friction in a numerically simulated baroclinic cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 849-874. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0849:APVBSO>2.0.CO;2
  15. Wang, L., and W. Chen, 2010: How well do existing indices measure the strength of the East Asian Winter Monsoon? Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 855-870, doi:10.1007/s00376-009-9094-3.
  16. Yoo, Y.-E., S.-W. Son, H.-S. Kim, and J.-H. Jeong, 2015: Synoptic Characteristics of Cold Days over South Korea and Their Relationship with Large-Scale Climate Variability. Atmosphere, 25, 435-447, doi:10.14191/Atmos.2015.25.3.435 (in Korean with English abstract).
  17. Yu, L., X. Jin, and R. A. Weller, 2008: Multidecade Global Flux Datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and sensible heat fluxes, ocean evaporation, and related surface meteorological variables, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. OAFlux Project Technical Report OA-2008-1, 64 pp.