Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회지)

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Long-term Trend Analysis of Korean Air Quality and Its Implication to Current Air Quality Policy on Ozone and PM10

국내 기준성 대기오염물질의 권역별 장기 추이 및 원인 분석: PM10과 오존을 중심으로

  • Kim, Jeonghwan (Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) ;
  • Ghim, Young Sung (Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) ;
  • Han, Jin-Seok (Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Anyang University) ;
  • Park, Seung-Myung (Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Shin, Hye-Jung (Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Lee, Sang-Bo (Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Kim, Jeongsoo (Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Lee, Gangwoong (Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)
  • 김정환 (한국외국어대학교 환경학과) ;
  • 김영성 (한국외국어대학교 환경학과) ;
  • 한진석 (안양대학교 환경에너지공학과) ;
  • 박승명 (국립환경과학원 대기연구부) ;
  • 신혜정 (국립환경과학원 대기연구부) ;
  • 이상보 (국립환경과학원 대기연구부) ;
  • 김정수 (국립환경과학원 대기연구부) ;
  • 이강웅 (한국외국어대학교 환경학과)
  • Received : 2017.12.28
  • Accepted : 2018.02.12
  • Published : 2018.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Nation-wide systematic and comprehensive measurements of air quality criteria species have been made over 340 sites currently in Korea since 1990. Using these data, temporal and spatial trends of $SO_2$, $PM_{10}$, $NO_2$, $O_3$, CO and $O_x(NO_2+O_3)$ were analyzed to characterize and evaluate implementing efficiency of air quality policy and regulations. Due to strict and effective policy to use cleaner fuels in late 1980s and 1990s, the primary pollutants, such as $SO_2$, CO, and $PM_{10}$ decreased sharply by early 2000s in all parts of Korea. After this period, their concentrations declined with much lower rates in most parts of Korea. In addition, isolated but noticeable numbers of places, especially in major ports, newly developing towns and industrial parks, sustained high levels or even showed further degradation. Despite series of emission control strategies were enforced since early 1990s, $NO_2$ concentrations haven't changed much till 2005, due to significant increase in number of automobiles. Nevertheless, we confirmed that the staggering levels of $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ improved evidently after 2005, especially in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), where enhanced regulations for $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ emissions was imposed to automobiles and large emission sources. However, their decreasing trends were much lessened in recent years again as current air quality improvement strategies has been challenged to revise further. In contrast to these primary species, annual $O_3$, which is secondary product from $NO_2$ and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has increased consistently with about 0.6 ppbv per year in every urban part of Korea, while yearly average of daily maximum 8-hour $O_3$ in summer season had a much higher rate of 1.2 ppbv per year. Increase of $O_3$ can be explained mainly by reductions of NO emission. Rising background $O_3$ in the Northeast Asia and increasing oxidizing capacity by changing photochemistry were likely causes of observed $O_3$ increase. The future air quality policy should consider more effective ways to lower alarming level of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$.

Keywords

References

  1. An, H., Han, J., Lee, M., Kang, E. (2015) The Long-term Variations of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides in Suwon City during 1991-2012, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 31(4), 378-384. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2015.31.4.378
  2. Camalier, L., Cox, W., Dolwick, P. (2007) The effects of meteorology on ozone in urban areas and their use in assessing ozone trends, Atmospheric Environment, 41(33), 7127-7137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.061
  3. Carslaw, D.C., Ropkins, K. (2012) Openair - An R package for air quality data analysis, Environmental Modelling & Software, 27, 52-61.
  4. Chungnam Institute (CNI) (2015) A Study on the Improvement of Air Quality Resources in Chungcheongnam-do to Promote the Local Environment and Economies.
  5. Close, B., Zurbenko, I. (2016) Kolmogorov-Zurbenko Adaptive Filters.
  6. Ghim, Y.S., Kim, C.H. (2013) Regional Trends in Short-Term High Concentrations of Criteria Pollutants from National Air Monitoring Stations, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 29(5), 545-552. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2013.29.5.545
  7. Han, J., Lee, M., Ghim, Y.S. (2008) Cluster Analysis of PM10 Concentrations from Urban Air Monitoring Network in Korea during 2000 to 2005 Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 24(3), 300-309. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2008.24.3.300
  8. Hwang, Y.-J., Lee, S.-J., Do, H.-S., Lee, Y.-K., Son, T.-J., Kwon, T.-G., Han, J.-W., Kang, D.-H., Kim, J.-W. (2009) The Analysis of $PM_{10}$ Concentration and the Evaluation of Influences by Meteorological Factors in Ambient Air of Daegu Area, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 25(5), 459-471. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2009.25.5.459
  9. Iqbal, M.A., Kim, K.-H., Shon, Z.-H., Sohn, J.-R., Jeon, E.-C., Kim, Y.-S., Oh, J.-M. (2014) Comparison of ozone pollution levels at various sites in Seoul, a megacity in Northeast Asia, Atmospheric Research, 138(Supplement C), 330-345.
  10. Kang, D., Hogrefe, C., Foley, K.L., Napelenok, S.L., Mathur, R., Trivikrama Rao, S. (2013) Application of the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter and the decoupled direct 3D method for the dynamic evaluation of a regional air quality model, Atmospheric Environment, 80(Supplement C), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.046
  11. Kim, C.-H., Park, I.-S., Lee, S.-J., Kim, J.-S., Jin, H.-A., Sung, H.-G. (2004) On the Recent Air Pollution Levels Observed in the Regional Air Monitoring Network -High Air Pollution Concentration Episodes and Their Meteorological Characteristics in 2002, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 20(2), 215-224. (in Korean with English abstract)
  12. Kim, Y.-P. (2010) Analysis of the trend of atmospheric $PM_{10}$ concentration over the Seoul Metropolitan Area between 1999 and 2008, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 19(1), 59-74. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Korea Ministry of Environment (KME) (2016) Operation Plan of Air Pollution Monitoring Network (2016-2020), Climate and Air Quality Management Division.
  14. Lee, S., Ho, C.-H., Choi, Y.-S. (2011) High-$PM_{10}$ concentration episodes in Seoul, Korea: Background sources and related meteorological conditions, Atmospheric Environment, 45(39), 7240-7247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.071
  15. Lee, S.-W., Lee, C.-H., Ji, D.-H., Youn, H.-J. (2010) Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Concentration in Forest Areas, Korea, Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 43(6), 1035-1039. (in Korean with English abstract)
  16. Lim, D.-Y., Lee, T.-J., Kim, D.-S. (2012) Quantitative Estimation of Precipitation Scavenging and Wind Dispersion Contributions for $PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$ Using Long-term Air and Weather Monitoring Database during 2000-2009 in Korea, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 28(3), 325-347. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2012.28.3.325
  17. Lim, Y.-T. (2003) Korea-China industrial and technological cooperation and further development strategy, Journal of Asian Economics, 14(2), 283-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-0078(03)00025-3
  18. Nguyen, H., Kim, K.-H. (2006) Comparison of spatiotemporal distribution patterns of $NO_2$ between four different types of air quality monitoring stations, Chemosphere, 65(2), 201-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.061
  19. Ray, S., Kim, K.-H. (2014) The pollution status of sulfur dioxide in major urban areas of Korea between 1989 and 2010, Atmospheric Research, 147(Supplement C), 101-110.
  20. Sharma, A.P., Kim, K., Ahn, J., Shon, Z., Sohn, J., Lee, J., Ma, C., Brown, R.J.C. (2014) Ambient particulate matter ($PM_{10}$) concentrations in major urban areas of Korea during 1996-2010, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5(1), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.020
  21. Shin, H., Park, J., Son, J., Rho, S., Hong, Y. (2015) Statistical Analysis for Ozone Long-term Trend Stations in Seoul, Korea, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 24(2), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.14249/eia.2015.24.2.111
  22. Susaya, J., Kim, K.-H., Shon, Z.-H., Brown, R.J.C. (2013) Demonstration of long-term increases in tropospheric $O_3$ levels: Causes and potential impacts, Chemosphere, 92(11), 1520-1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.017
  23. Theil, H. (1992) A Rank-Invariant Method of Linear and Polynomial Regression Analysis, in: Henri Theil's Contributions to Economics and Econometrics, Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 345-381.
  24. Verstraeten, W.W., Neu, J.L., Williams, J.E., Bowman, K.W., Worden, J.R., Boersma, K.F. (2015) Rapid increases in tropospheric ozone production and export from China, Nature Geoscience, 8(9), 690-695. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2493
  25. Won, Y.J., Yeh, S.-W., Yim, B.Y., Kim, H.-K. (2017) Relationship Between Korean Monthly Temperature During Summer and Eurasian Snow Cover During Spring, Atmosphere, 27(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.1.055
  26. Yoo, S.-S., Jeon, J.-S., Jung, K., Shin, E.-S., Jung, B.-J., Ryu, R.-N., Woo, J.-H., Sunwoo, Y. (2011) Analysis on Air Quality Characteristics through Air Quality Monitoring Stations in urban Background and High Altitude in 2005-2006 in Seoul, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 20(1), 49-59. (in Korean with English abstract)