Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회지)

Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회)
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The change of grain quality and starch assimilation of rice under future climate conditions according to RCP 8.5 scenario

RCP 8.5 시나리오에 따른 미래 기후조건에서 벼의 품질 및 전분 동화 특성 변화

  • Sang, Wan-Gyu (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Cho, Hyeoun-Suk (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Jun-Hwan (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Shin, Pyong (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Baek, Jae-Kyeong (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Lee, Yun-Ho (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Cho, Jeong-Il (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Seo, Myung-Chul (National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration)
  • 상완규 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원) ;
  • 조현숙 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원) ;
  • 김준환 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원) ;
  • 신평 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원) ;
  • 백재경 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원) ;
  • 이윤호 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원) ;
  • 조정일 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원) ;
  • 서명철 (농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원)
  • Received : 2018.09.17
  • Accepted : 2018.11.20
  • Published : 2018.12.30
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Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of climate change on rice yield and quality. Experiments were conducted using SPAR(Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research) chambers, which was designed to create virtual future climate conditions, in the National Institute of Crop Science, Jeonju, Korea, in 2016. In the future climate conditions($+2.8^{\circ}C$ temp, 580 ppm $CO_2$) of year 2051~2060 according to RCP 8.5 scenario, elevated temperature and $CO_2$ accelerated the heading date by about five days than the present climate conditions, resulted in a high temperature environment during grain filling stage. Rice yield decreased sharply in the future climate conditions due to the high temperature induced poor ripening. And the spikelet numbers, ripening ratio, and 1000-grain weight of brown rice were significantly decreased compared to control. The rice grain quality was also decreased sharply, especially due to the increased immature grains. In the future climate conditions, expression of starch biosynthesis-related genes such as granule-bound starch synthase(GBSSI, GBSSII, SSIIa, SSIIb, SSIIIa), starch branching enzyme(BEIIb) and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPS1, AGPS2, AGPL2) were repressed in developing seeds, whereas starch degradation related genes such as ${\alpha}-amylase$(Amy1C, Amy3D, Amy3E) were induced. These results suggest that the reduction in yield and quality of rice in the future climate conditions is likely caused mainly by the poor grain filling by high temperature. Therefore, it is suggested to develop tolerant cultivars to high temperature during grain filling period and a new cropping system in order to ensure a high quality of rice in the future climate conditions.

본 연구는 기후변화에 따른 쌀 품질 저하 요인을 기상 환경과 종실 전분 대사 기능면에서 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 본 연구를 위해 활용한 옥외환경조절시설(SPAR)은 대형 토양상에서 온도와 $CO_2$ 동시 처리가 가능한 시설로서 최대한 포장 수준에 가까운 조건에서 미래 기후에 대한 정밀한 환경영향평가를 가능하게 해준다. 2001~2010년 전주 지역 현재 기후 기준 RCP 8.5 시나리오에 따른 2051~2060년 가상 기후조건에서 직접 재배 시험을 한 결과 미래 기후 조건에서는 벼 생육 및 노화가 급격하게 촉진되어 출수기가 현재 대비 5일 이상 빨라지는 등 생육기간이 단축될 뿐 아니라 이로 인해 고온 등숙 환경에 노출될 위험성이 크게 높아지게 됨을 알 수 있었다. 이로 인해 벼 수량 뿐 아니라 품질 또한 크게 저하되었는데 미래에는 정상립 비율은 현저히 저하된 반면 불완전립 특히 미숙립이 크게 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 고온 등숙에 의한 전분 합성 관련 유전자들의 발현감소 및 분해 관련 유전자들의 발현 증가 등 종실 체내 전분 전류 및 축적 양상이 크게 변화하여 나타난 것이다. 따라서 향후 안정적인 고품질 쌀 생산을 위해서는 고온 등숙 내성 벼 품종 개발 및 등숙기 고온 회피를 위한 재배법 개발 등의 방향으로 기후변화 적응 대책 관련 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. A SPAR unit (A) and experimental condition(average temperature, air CO2 concentration) during the growth period of rice (B).

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Fig. 2. Yield components and grain yield at present and in the future climate conditions. Spikelets number (A), panicle number (B), ripening rate (C), 1000 grain weight (D), Yield (E), harvest index (F).

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Fig. 3. Physical properties of brown rice under present and future climate conditions. The ratio of perfect, immature, damaged, opaque, and etc. Grain quality was determined by a grain-gradeing machine, RN-300.

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Fig. 4. Expression of genes for starch metabolism at present and in the future climate conditions. Genes coding for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (A), starch synthase (B) and α-amylase (C).

Table 1. List of starch metabolism-related genes used for RT-PCR gene expression analysis

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Table 2. Present and future climate conditions and heading date

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