Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회지)

Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회)
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Estimation of hourly daytime air temperature on slope in complex terrain corrected by hourly solar radiation

복잡지형 경사면의 일사 영향을 반영한 매시 낮 기온 추정 방법

  • Yun, Eun-jeong (National Center for Agro-Meteorology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kim, Soo-ock (National Center for Agro-Meteorology, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2018.12.06
  • Accepted : 2018.12.22
  • Published : 2018.12.30
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Abstract

To estimate the hourly temperature distribution due to solar radiation during the day, on slope in complex terrain, an empirical formula was developed including the hourly deviation in the observed temperature following solar radiation deviation, at weather stations on the east-facing and west-facing slopes. The solar radiation effect was simulated using the empirical formula to estimate hourly temperature at 11 weather observation sites in mountainous agricultural areas, and the result was verified for the period from January 2015 to December 2017. When the estimated temperature was compared with the control, only considering temperature lapse rate, it was found that the tendency to underestimate the temperature from 9 am to 3 pm was reduced with the use of an empirical formula in the form of linear expression; consequently, the estimation error was reduced as well. However, for the time from 5 pm to 6 pm, the estimation error was smaller when a hyperbolic equation drawn from the deviation in solar radiation on the slope, which was calculated based on geometric conditions, was used instead of observed values. The reliability of estimating the daytime temperature at 3 pm was compared with existing estimation model proposed in other studies; the estimation error could be mitigated up to an ME (mean error) of $-0.28^{\circ}C$ and RMSE (root mean square error) of $1.29^{\circ}C$ compared to the estimation error in previous models (ME $-1.20^{\circ}C$, RMSE $2.01^{\circ}C$).

일출 이후부터 일몰 전까지 낮 동안 태양 일사로 인한 복잡지형 내 산사면 매시 기온 분포를 추정하기 위해, 동향사면과 서향사면 간 대표 기상관측지점에 대하여 매시 일사량 편차에 따른 관측기온의 편차(기온변화량)로 경험식을 산출하였다. 해당 경험식으로 일사효과를 모의하여 2015년 1월부터 2017년 12월까지 농산촌 지역 기상관측지점 11곳에 대해 매시 기온을 추정한 후 검증하였다. 매시 기온감률로 해발고도 보정만을 수행한 결과와 대조하였을 때, 일차식 형태의 경험식을 이용할 경우, 오전 9시부터 오후 3시까지 기온의 과소추정경향이 감소되어 추정오차를 줄일 수 있었다. 다만, 오후 5~6시에는 관측값 대신 기하학적 조건으로 계산된 경사면 일사량 편차로 도출된 hyperbolic equation이 더 추정오차가 작았다. 오후 3시 기준의 한낮기온은 선행연구에서 제시한 기존 모형과 추정신뢰도를 대조하였는데, 기존 모형의 추정오차(ME $-1.20^{\circ}C$, RMSE $2.01^{\circ}C$)를 ME $-0.28^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.29^{\circ}C$까지 개선시킬 수 있었다.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Locations of the study sites.

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Fig. 2. Pictures of weather sites and image of the sites locations. A (AWS07) and B (AWS04) are on east-facing and west-facing slope.

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Fig. 3. Comparison of solar radiation deviation and temperature deviation between AWS 07 and AWS 04, during the 2 years from October 2015 to December 2017 under the conditions of windless time.

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Fig. 4. Scatter plots of the observed and estimated solar radiation deviation and temperature deviation between AWS 07 and AWS 04 with the different estimation methods during the 2 years from October 2014 to December 2017 under the conditions of windless time.

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Fig. 5. Bar graphs of the mean errors and root mean square errors at the 11 sites during 0600-2000 LST. (A: No effect, B: Eq. 4, C: Eq. 3)

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Fig. 6. Hourly the mean errors and root mean square errors at the 11 sites. (A: No effect, B: Eq. 4, C: Eq. 3)

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Fig. 7. Relationship between the observed and estimated 1500 LST temperature at 11 sites. The temperatures were estimated by Eq. 3 (C), Eq. 4 (B) and a method by Kim and Yun (2014) (A).

Table 1. Topographical characteristics of the validation sites. Slope and aspect values are the smoothed averages by 25 grid cells (750m radius)

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Table 2. Fitted equations for the relationship between the solar radiation deviation (x>0) and the temperature deviation (y). Performance of each equation is represented by the sum of squares

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Table 3. The mean errors and root mean square errors of 1500 LST temperature estimation at the 11 sites during the 2 years from January 2015 to December 2017

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