International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials

Korean Society of Sericultural Science (한국잠사학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of brewer's spent grain on the growth and nutrition of the giant mealworm beetle, Zophobas atratus

  • Kim, Sun Young (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA) ;
  • Kim, Hong Geun (Department of Insect Study, National Institute of Ecology) ;
  • Lee, Kyeong Yong (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA) ;
  • Ko, Hyeon-Jin (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA) ;
  • Kim, Nam Jung (Agricultural Microbiology Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA) ;
  • Yoon, Hyung Joo (Industrial Insect Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA)
  • Received : 2018.10.16
  • Accepted : 2018.12.13
  • Published : 2018.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The giant mealworm beetle, Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a tropical beetle. As this beetle can be used as an ingredient in animal feed, the effects of brewer's spent grain (BSG) on the development and nutritional value of Z. atratus were investigated. As results, there were no significant differences on the larval survival rate, body weight, and duration at different content of BSG, mixed with conventional feed, wheat bran (WB). Based on these results, BSG can be mixed with wheat bran as a Z. atratus food ingredient without any problems. The nutritional value was compared between 100% wheat bran control and 50% BSG experimental groups. The moisture, crude protein, carbohydrates, and amino acids were 1.1-1.4 times higher in the 50% BSG group. In the BSG group, the linoleic acid content was 1.6 times higher than that in the control group. In the wheat bran group, the oleic acid content was 38.4%, which was 1.3 times higher than that in the BSG group. As minerals, the control and BSG groups showed high potassium and phosphorus contents. In terms of hazardous materials, four heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium) and two microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) were not detected. There were no significant differences in developmental characteristics between the wheat bran and BSG mixed groups, and the nutritional values were better in the BSG mixed group. Therefore, BSG can be used as alternative food source for rearing Z. atratus.

Keywords

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_f0001.png 이미지

Fig. 2. Average larval weight of Zophobas atratus larvae with different contents of Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) as an alternative feed. Values are means ± S.D. One-way ANOVA test, P>0.05.

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_f0002.png 이미지

Fig. 1. Survival rate of Zophobas atratus larvae with different contents of Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) as an alternative feed. Values are means ± S.D. One-way ANOVA test, P>0.05. Each experimental group consisted of 10 individuals of 7th or 8th instar larvae. All the experimental groups were replicated three times.

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_f0003.png 이미지

Fig. 3. Mean developmental periods of Zophobas atratus larvae with different contents of Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) as an alternative feed. Values are means ± S.D. One-way ANOVA test, P>0.05.

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_f0004.png 이미지

Fig. 4. Essential amino acid content of Zophobas atratus larvae fed wheat bran (WB) and brewer’s spent grain (BSG).

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_f0005.png 이미지

Fig. 5. Nonessential amino acid content of Zophobas atratus larvae fed wheat bran (WB) and brewer’s spent grain (BSG).

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_f0006.png 이미지

Fig. 6. Fatty acid composition of Zophobas atratus larvae fed wheat bran (WB) and brewer’s spent grain (BSG).

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_f0007.png 이미지

Fig. 7. Mineral contents of Zophobas atratus larvae fed wheat bran (WB) and brewer’s spent grain (BSG).

Table 1. Composition of the nutrients in Zophobas atratus larvae fed wheat bran (WB) and brewer’s spent grain (BSG)

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_t0001.png 이미지

Table 2. Heavy metals in Zophobas atratus larvae fed wheat bran (WB) and brewer’s spent grain (BSG)

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_t0002.png 이미지

Table 3. Pathogenic microbes in Zophobas atratus larvae fed wheat bran (WB) and brewer’s spent grain (BSG)

E1IEAM_2018_v37n2_73_t0003.png 이미지

References

  1. Aliyu S, Bala M (2011) Brewer’s spent grain: A review of its potentials and applications. Afr J Biotechnol 10(3), 324-331.
  2. Angerer P, von Schacky C (2000) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system. Curr Opin Lipidol 11, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200002000-00009
  3. AOAC (2003) Official Methods of Analysis (17th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC, USA.
  4. Baek MH, Hwang JS, Kim MA, Kim SH, Goo TW, Yun EY (2017) Comparative analysis of nutritional components of edible insects registered as novel foods. J Life Sci 27, 334-338. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2017.27.3.334
  5. Cho EA, Lee YS (2014) A study on the classifying quality standard by comparison with physicochemical characteristics of virgin, pure, pomace olive oil. Korean J Food Nutr 27(3), 339-347. https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2014.27.3.339
  6. Choi JS (1997) Studies on the purification, characterization and structure of antibiotics from centipeds Scolopendra subspinipes multilans. Mol Biol 46, 508-513.
  7. Choi GW, Moon SK, Kim Y, Jang BW, Kim YR, Chung BW (2008) Optimization of solid-state fermentation condition using distiller’s dried grain. Korean J Biotech Bioen 23, 345-349.
  8. Ganesan V, Rosentrater KA, Muthukumarappan K (2007) Modeling the flow properties of DDGS. Cereal Chem 84, 556-562. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-84-6-0556
  9. Harper CR, Jacobson TA (2001) The fats of life: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 161, 2185-2192. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.18.2185
  10. He K, Xu ZQ, Dai PL (2006) The parasitizing behavior of Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) wasps on Tenebrio molitor pupae. Acta Entomol Sinica 49, 454-460.
  11. Hong EC, Choo HJ, Kang BS, Kim CD, Heo KN, Lee MJ (2012) Performance of growing period of large-type Korean native ducks. Kor J Poult Sci 39, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2012.39.2.143
  12. Huang Q, Hu J, Zhou DG, Sun L, Ruan HB, Wang XN (2011) Comparison of growth, development, survivorship and food utilization of two color varieties of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Acta Entomol Sinica 54, 286-292.
  13. Indriyani L, Rohman A, Riyanto S (2016) Physico-chemical characterization of Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) oil from three Indonesian avocado cultivars. Res J Med Plants 10(1), 67-78.
  14. Jabir MDAR, Razak SA, Vikineswary S (2012) Nutritive potential and utilization of super worm (Zophobas morio) meal in the diet of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile. Afr J Biotechnol 11, 6592- 6598.
  15. Kaur VI, Saxena PK (2004) Incorporation of brewery waste in supplementary feed and its impact on growth in some carps. Bioresour Technol 91, 101-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00073-7
  16. Kim KN, Kim SB, Yoon WJ, Yang KS, Park SY (2008) Induction of apoptosis by Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans in human leukemia HL-60 cells through Bcl-X1 regulation. J Kor Soc Food Sci Nutr 37, 1408-1414. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.11.1408
  17. Kim SY, Kim HG, Song SH, Kim NJ (2015) Development characteristics of Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae in different instars. Int J Indust Entomol 30(2), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2015.30.2.45
  18. Kim SY, Kim HG, Lee KY, Yoon HJ, Kim NJ (2016) Effects of Brewer's spent grain (BSG) on larval growth of mealworms, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Int J Indust Entomol 32(1), 41- 48. https://doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2016.32.1.41
  19. Kim SY, Kim HG, Yoon HJ, Lee KY, Kim NJ (2017a) Nutritional analysis of alternative feed ingredients and their effects on the larval growth of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Entomol Res 47, 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12236
  20. Kim SY, Lee KY, Kim HG, Hwang JS, Yoon HJ (2017b) A nutritional analysis of Chinese red-headed Centipedes (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans) from different regions of Korea. J Life Sci 27(11), 1308- 1314. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2017.27.11.1308
  21. Koo NS, Wang SG, Park JM (2002) Change of fatty acid content in egg yolk oil of various chicken eggs during storage. J Kor Soc Food Sci Nutr 31, 184-188. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2002.31.2.184
  22. Lee KS, Shin JA, Lee KT (2011) Preparation and conjugated linolenic acid from urea fractionated perilla seed oil hydrolysate. J Kor Soc Food Sci Nutr 31, 184-188.
  23. Lim SY, Rhee SH, Yi SY, Park KY (1997) Growth inhibitory effect and changes in membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition on MG-63 and AZ-521 human cancer cells by linoleic acid. J Kor Soc Food Sci Nutr 26, 662-668.
  24. Mussatto SI, Dragone G, Roberto IC (2006) Brewers' spent grain: generation, characteristics and potential applications. J Cereal Sci 43, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2005.06.001
  25. Nam HY, Lee KT (2007) Analysis of characterization in commercial extra virgin olive oils. J Kor Soc Food Sci Nutr 36, 866-873. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2007.36.7.866
  26. Natali F, Siculella L, Salvati S, Gnoni GV (2007) Oleic acid is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in C6 glioma cells. J Lipid Res 48, 1966-1975. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M700051-JLR200
  27. Ophir O, Peer G, Gilad J, Blum M, Aviram A (1983) Low blood pressure in vegetarians: the possible role of potassium. Am J Clin Nutr 37, 755-762. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/37.5.755
  28. Park HC, Jung BH, Han TM, Lee YB, Kim SH, Kim NJ (2013) Taxonomy of introduced commercial insect, Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae) and a comparison of DNA barcoding with similar tenebrionids, Promethis valgipes and Tenebrio molitor in Korea J Seric Entomol Sci 51(2), 185-190. https://doi.org/10.7852/jses.2013.51.2.185
  29. Quennedey A, Aribi N, Everaerts C, Delbecque JP (1995) Postembryonic development of Zophobas atratus Fab.(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) under crowded or isolated conditions and effects of juvenile hormone analogue applications. J Insect Physiol 41(2), 143- 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(94)00091-T
  30. Ramos-Elorduy J (1997) The importance of edible insects in the nutrition and economy of people of the rural areas of Mexico. Ecol Food Nut 36, 347-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1997.9991524
  31. Seo YH, Ko KY, Jang YK (2010) Determination of cholesterol, fatty acids and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 particles collected from meat charbroiling. J Kor Soc Environ Eng 32, 155-164.
  32. Seol MY, Lee JS, Kim ES (1990) A longitudinal study on calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents of breast milk from lactating women in Seoul area. Kor J Nutr 23, 115-123.
  33. Song MH (2005) Nutritional components and nutritive value of corn- DDGS about milk cow, beef cattle, pig, and fowl. Kofeed 15, 44-51.
  34. SPSS PASW(R) Statistics 22.0. 2013. PASW(R) Core System User's Guide, SPSS inc. USA.
  35. Szponar B, Pawlik KJ, Gamian A, Dey ES (2003) Protein fraction of barley spent grain as a new simple medium for growth and sporulation of soil actinobacteria. Biotechnol Lett 25, 1717-1721. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026046403010
  36. Tschinkel WR (1981) Larval dispersal and cannibalism in a natural population of Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Animal behavior 29, 990-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80052-8
  37. Yoo JM, Hwang JS, Goo TW, Yun EY (2013) Comparative analysis of nutritional and harmful components in Korean and Chinese mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). J Kor Soc Food Sci Nutr 42, 249-254. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.2.249
  38. Yoon HJ, Lee KY, Shin MG, Kim SY (2018) Method for artificial raise of Zophobas atratus. Patent, 10-2018-0029863.
  39. Young SN (2007) L-tyrosine to alleviate the effects of stress? J Psychiatry Neurosci 32(3), 224-229.
  40. Zanuncio JC, Zanuncio TV, Guedes RNC, Ramalho FS (2000) Effect of feeding on three Eucalyptus species on the development of Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Bio Sci Tech 10, 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150050115025

Cited by

  1. 기주식물별 풀무치의 영양성분 및 유해물질 비교분석 vol.39, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2020.39.3.30
  2. 인공사료와 밀기울로 사육한 아메리카왕거저리 유충의 영양성분 비교분석 vol.30, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5352/jls.2020.30.12.1109