Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Stabilized marine and desert sands with deep mixing of cement and sodium bentonite

  • Saberian, Mohammad (School of Engineering, RMIT University) ;
  • Moradi, Mojtaba (Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd University) ;
  • Vali, Ramin (Department of Civil Engineering, Mohajer Technical and Vocational College of Isfahan) ;
  • Li, Jie (School of Engineering, RMIT University)
  • Received : 2017.05.04
  • Accepted : 2017.11.01
  • Published : 2018.04.30
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Road construction is becoming increasingly important in marine and desert areas due to population growth and economic development. However, the load carrying capacity of pavement is of gear concern to design and geotechnical engineers because of the poor engineering properties of the soils in these areas. Therefore, stabilization of the soils is regarded as an important issue. Besides, due to the fuels combustion and carbonate decomposition, cement industry generates around 5% of global $CO_2$ emission. Thus, using bentonite as a natural pozzolan in soil stabilization is more eco-friendly than using cement. The aim of this research is to experimentally study of the stabilized marine and desert sands using deep mixing method by ordinary Portland cement and sodium bentonite. Different partial percentages of cement along with different weight percentages of sodium bentonite were added to the sands. Unconfined compression test (UCS), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were conducted on the specimens. Moreover, a mathematical model was developed for predicting the strength of the treated soils.

Keywords

References

  1. AASHTO T 307. (2005), Standard Method of Test for Determining the Resilient Modulus of Soils and Aggregate Materials, American Association of State Highway and Transportation of Officials, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  2. Abdellatif, S.E. (2013), "Three-dimensional finite element analysis of treated sediment base cracked flexible pavement", Proceedings of the International Conference on Civil, Transport and Environment Engineering, Penang, Malaysia, August.
  3. ASTM (2000), Annual Book of ASTM Standards Section Four: Construction, American Society of Testing Materials, U.S.A.
  4. Ata, A.A., Salem, T.N. and Elkhawas, N.M. (2015), "Properties of soil-bentonite-cement bypass mixture for cutoff walls", Construct. Build. Mater., 93, 950-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.064
  5. Azadegan, O., Li, J. and Jafari, S.H. (2014), "Estimation of shear strength parameters of lime-cement stabilized granular soils from unconfined compressive tests", Geomech. Eng., 7(3) 247-261. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.3.247
  6. Azadegan, O., Li, J., Jafari, S.H. and Ren, G. (2013), "Geogrid reinforced lime cement treated granular soils", Appl. Mech. Mater., 330, 1090-1094. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.330.1090
  7. Bishop, A.W. (1971), "Shear strength parameters for undisturbed and remoulded soil specimens", Proceedings of the Roscoe Memorial Symposium, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., March.
  8. Cong, M., Longzhu, C. and Bing, C. (2014), "Analysis of strength development in soft clay stabilized with cement-based stabilizer", Construct. Build. Mater., 71, 354-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.087
  9. Consoli, N.C., Caberlon Cruz, R., Floss, M.F. and Festugato, L. (2010), "Parameters controlling tensile and compressive strength of artificially cemented sand", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(5), 759-763. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000278
  10. Cristelo, N., Glendinning, S., Fernandes, L. and Pinto, A.T. (2012), "Effect of calcium content on soil stabilisation with alkaline activation", Construct. Build. Mater., 29, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.049
  11. Das, B.M. (2008), Advanced Soil Mechanics, Taylor and Francis, New York, U.S.A.
  12. Dingwen, Z., Libin, F., Songyu, L. and Yongfeng, D. (2013), "Experimental investigation of unconfined compression strength and stiffness of cement treated salt-rich clay", Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 31(4), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2012.690826
  13. Eskisar, T. (2015), "Influence of cement treatment on unconfined compressive strength and compressibility of lean clay with medium plasticity", Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 40(3), 763-772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1579-z
  14. Esmaeili, M. and Khajehei, H. (2016), "Mechanical behavior of embankments overlying on loose subgrade stabilized by deep mixed columns", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 8(5), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.02.006
  15. Farouk, A. and Shahien, M. (2013), "Ground improvement using soil-cement columns: Experimental investigation", Alexandria Eng. J., 52(4), 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2013.08.009
  16. Felekoglu, B., Turkel, S. and Kalyoncu, H. (2009), "Optimization of fineness to maximize the strength activity of high-calcium ground fly ash-Portland cement composites", Construct. Build. Mater., 23(5), 2053-2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.024
  17. Gueddouda, M.K. Lamara, M., Abou-bekr, N. and Taibi, S. (2010), "Hydraulic behaviour of dune sand bentonite mixtures under confining stress", Geomech. Eng., 2(3), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2010.2.3.213
  18. Gupta, D. and Kumar, A. (2017), "Stabilized soil incorporating combinations of rice husk ash, pond ash and cement", Geomech. Eng., 12(1), 85-109. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.1.085
  19. Hashemi, M.A., Zine, N., Massart, T.J., Verbrugge, J.C. and Francios, B. (2012), "Lime-treatment of sand improved by bentonite addition", Proceedings of the European Young Technical Engineers Conference (EYGEC), Goethenburg, Sweden, August.
  20. Ignat, R., Baker, S., Larsson, S. and Liedberg, S. (2015), "Twoand three-dimensional analyses of excavation support with rows of dry deep mixing columns", Comput. Geotech., 66, 16-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.01.011
  21. Iravanian, A. and Bilsel, H. (2014), "Strength characterization of sand-bentonite mixtures and the effect of cement additive", Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 34(3), 210-218.
  22. Jahandari, S., Li, J., Saberian, M. and Shahsavarigoughari, M. (2017a), "Experimental study of the effects of geogrids on elasticity modulus, brittleness, strength, and stress-strain behavior of lime stabilized kaolinitic clay", GeoRes. J., 13, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grj.2017.02.001
  23. Jahandari, S., Saberian, M., Zivari, F., Li, J., Ghasemi, M. and Vali, R. (2017b), "Experimental study of the effects of curing time on geotechnical properties of stabilized clay with lime and geogrid", J. Geotech. Eng., 1-12.
  24. Jahandari, S., Toufigh, M.M., Li, J. and Saberian, M. (2017c), "Laboratory study of the effect of degrees of saturation on lime concrete resistance due to the groundwater level increment", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 36(1), 413-424.
  25. Jiang, Y. and Han, J. (2014), "Influence of column yielding on degree of consolidation of soft foundations improved by deep mixed columns", Geomech. Eng., 6(2), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.2.173
  26. Khabiri, M.M. (2010), "The effect of stabilized subbase containing waste construction materials on reduction of pavement rutting depth", Elec. J. Geotech. Eng., 15, 1211-1219.
  27. Kim, B. and Kim, Y. (2016), "Strength characteristics of cemented sand-bentonite mixtures with fiber and metakaolin additions", Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 35(3), 414-425.
  28. Lacey, G., Thenoux, G. and Rodriguez-Roa, F. (2008), "Threedimensional finite element model for flexible pavement analysis based on field modulus measurement", Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 33(1B).
  29. Liu, H., Deng, A. and Chu, J. (2008), "Statistical evaluation for strength of pile by deep mixing method", Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, China, May-June.
  30. Marri, A., Uddin, S. and Wanatowski, D. (2014), "Sample preparation technique for fiber reinforced cemented soils", Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Infrastructure Engineering in Developing Countries, Karachi, Pakistan, December.
  31. McKenna, F., Fenves, G.L., Scott, M.H. and Jeremic, B. (2000), Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees), Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
  32. Morton, B.S., Luttig, E., Horak, E. and Visser, A.T. (2004), "The effect of axle load spectra and tyre 508 inflation pressures on standard pavement design methods", Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa (CAPSA'04), Sun City, South Africa, September.
  33. Mun, B., Kim, T., Moon, T. and Oh, J. (2012), "SCM wall in sand: Numerical simulation and design implications", Eng. Geol., 151, 115-23.
  34. Neaz Sheikh, M., Mashiri, M.S., Vinod, J.S. and Tsang, H.H. (2013), "Shear and compressibility behavior of sand-tire crumb mixtures", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 25(10), 1366-1374. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000696
  35. Ou, C.Y., Hsieh, P.G. and Lin, Y.L. (2013), "A parametric study of wall deflections in deep excavations with the installation of cross walls", Comput. Geotech., 50, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.12.009
  36. Pakbaz, M. and Alipour, R. (2012), "Influence of cement addition on the geotechnical properties of an Iranian clay", Appl. Clay Sci., 67, 1-4.
  37. Papadakis, V.G. and Tsimas, S. (2002), "Supplementary cementing materials in concrete. Part 1: Efficiency and design", Cement Concrete Res., 32(10), 1525-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00827-X
  38. Rahgozar, M. and Saberian, M. (2016), "Geotechnical properties of peat soil stabilised with shredded waste tyre chips", Mires Peat, 18(03), 1-12.
  39. Rahgozar, M.A. and Saberian, M. (2015), "Physical and chemical properties of two Iranian peat types", Mires Peat, 16(07), 1-17.
  40. Ruggeri, P., Fruzzetti, V.M.E., Vita, A., Segato, D. and Scarpelli, G. (2014), "Stiffness of wall-type grouting under transversal loading", Ground Improv., 167(4), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.13.00047
  41. Saba, S., Barnichon, J.D., Cui, Y.J., Tang, A.M. and Delage, P. (2014), "Microstructure and anisotropic swelling behaviour of compacted bentonite/sand mixture", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 6(2), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.01.006
  42. Saberian, M. and Khabiri, M.M. (2016), "Effect of oil pollution on function of sandy soils in protected deserts and investigation of their improvement guidelines (case study: Kalmand area, Iran)", Environ. Geochem. Health, 40(1), 243-254.
  43. Saberian, M. and Rahgozar, M.A. (2016), "Geotechnical properties of peat soil stabilised with shredded waste tyre chips in combination with gypsum, lime or cement", Mires Peat, 18(16), 1-16.
  44. Saberian, M., Jahandari, S., Li, J. and Zivari, F. (2017a), "Effect of curing, capillary action, and groundwater level increment on geotechnical properties of lime concrete: Experimental and prediction studies", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 9(4), 638-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.01.004
  45. Saberian, M., Khotbehsara, M.M., Jahandari, S., Vali, R. and Li, J. (2017b), "Experimental and phenomenological study of the effects of adding shredded tire chips on geotechnical properties of peat", J. Geotech. Eng., 1-10.
  46. Sargent, P., Hughes, P., Rouainia, M. and White, M. (2013), "The use of alkali activated waste binders in enhancing the mechanical properties and durability of soft alluvial soils", Eng. Geol., 152(1), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.10.013
  47. Sariosseiri, F. and Muhunthan, B. (2009), "Effect of cement treatment on geotechnical properties of some Washington State soils", Eng. Geol., 104(1-2), 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.09.003
  48. Shah, P. and Singh, D. (2004), "A simple methodology for determining electrical conductivity of soils", J. ASTM, 1(5), 1-11.
  49. Shooshpasha, I. and Shirvani, R.A. (2015), "Effect of cement stabilization on geotechnical properties of sandy soils", Geomech. Eng., 8(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.017
  50. Su, S. (2009), "Anisotropic strength evaluation of clay reinforced with grout piles", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(10), 1529-1537. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000091
  51. Sukontasukkul, P. and Jamsawang, P. (2012), "Use of steel and polypropylene fibers to improve flexural performance of deep soil-cement column", Construct. Build. Mater., 29, 201-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.040
  52. Sukpunta, A. and Jotisankasa, A. (2016), "Large simple shear testing of soft Bangkok clay stabilized with soil-cementcolumns and its application", Soil. Found., 56(4), 640-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.07.005
  53. Szymkiewicz, F., Guimond-Barrett, A., Kouby, A.L. and Reiffsteck, P. (2012), "Influence of grain size distribution and cement content on the strength and aging of treated sandy soils", Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 16(7), 882-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2012.676362
  54. Thompson, M.R. (1966), Shear Strength and Elastic Properties of Lime Soil Mixtures, Highway Research Board, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A., 1-14.
  55. Velosa, A.L. and Cachim, P.B. (2009), "Hydraulic-lime based concrete: strength development using a pozzolanic addition and different curing conditions", Construct. Build. Mater., 23(5), 2107-2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.013
  56. Wong, L.S., Hashim, R. and Ali, F.H. (2013), "Utilization of sodium bentonite to maximize the filler and pozzolanic effects of stabilized peat", Eng. Geol., 152(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.10.019
  57. Wong, L.S., Mousavi, S., Sobhani, S., Kong, S.Y., Birima, A.H., & Pauzi, N.I.M. (2016), "Comparative measurement of compaction impact of clay stabilized with cement, peat ash and silica sand", Measurement, 94, 498-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.08.029
  58. Worrall, W.E. (1986), Clays and Ceramic Raw Materials, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.
  59. Yao, K., Yao, Z., Song, S., Zhang, X., Hu, J. and Pan, X. (2016), "Settlement evaluation of soft ground reinforced by deep mixed columns", J. Pavement Res. Technol., 9(6), 460-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.07.003
  60. Zhuang, Y. and Wang, K. (2017), "Numerical simulation of highspeed railway foundation improved by PVD-DCM method and compared with field measurements", Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 21(11), 1363-1383. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1170728

Cited by

  1. Observed Performance of Highway Embankment over Soft Marine Clay: A Case Study in Wenzhou, China vol.2020, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8813832
  2. Triaxial behaviour of zeolite-cemented sand vol.173, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.18.00009
  3. Integrated Analysis of the Geotechnical Factors Impeding Sustainable Building Construction-The Case of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia vol.13, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126531
  4. Effects of waste tire textile fibres on geotechnical properties of compacted lime-stabilized low plastic clays vol.15, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2021.1907069