Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology

Korean Society of Dairy Science and Biotechnology (한국낙농식품응용생물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Chemical Properties of Lignans, Their Effects on Human Health, and the Enhancement of Milk Function of Lignans

리그난의 화학적 특성, 인체 건강에 미치는 영향 및 리그난의 우유 기능 강화에 관한 연구 고찰

  • Received : 2018.05.29
  • Accepted : 2018.06.21
  • Published : 2018.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This review discusses the characteristics of major lignans and related studies and provides a basis for future studies. Lignans are present in various food products consumed daily, such as flaxseed and other seeds, vegetables, fruits, and beverages including coffee, tea, and wine. Lignans are natural phytoestrogens with a structure similar to that of secoisolariciresinol (Seco), mataireinol (Mat), pinoresinol (Pin), medioresinol (Med), lariciresinol (Lari), and syringaresinol, which is then converted to enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), which are mammalian lignans and the primary biologically active enterolignans, by the intestinal microflora. The associations between lignans and a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease are promising; however, they are not yet well-established, probably owing to low lignan intake in habitual Western diets. Nonetheless, these associations were more prominent at the higher doses in interventional studies. Many studies on humans and animals have reported the benefits of lignan consumption in protecting against CVD and metabolic syndrome by reducing lipid and glucose concentrations. END and ENL reportedly exert protective effects including phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects through various mechanisms. Moreover, lignans reportedly exert beneficial effects in breast, colon, and prostate cancer and osteoporosis have reported that. However, future studies are required to confirm the association between lignan and disease.

Keywords

References

  1. Adlercreutz, H. and Mazur, W. 1997. Phyto-oestrogens and western diseases. Annals of Medicine 29:95-120. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853899709113696
  2. Adlercreutz, H., Bannwart, C., Wahala, K., Makela, T., Brunow, G., Hase, T., Arosemena, P. J., Kellis, J. T. and Vickery, L. E. 1992. Inhibition of human aromatase by mammalian lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 44:147-153.
  3. Adlercreutz, H., Mousavi, Y., Clark, J., Hockerstedt, K., Hamalainen, E., Wahala, K., Makela, T. and Hase. T. 1993. Dietary phytoestrogens and cancer: In vitro and in vivo studies. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41:331-337.
  4. Antignac, J., Cariou, R., Le-Bizec, B. and Andre, F. 2004. New data regarding phytoestrogens content in bovine milk. Food Chem. 87:275-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.013
  5. Atkinson, D. A., Hill, H. H. and Shultz, T. D. 1993. Quantification of mammalian lignans in biological fluids using gas chromatography with ion mobility detection. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 617:173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(93)80485-M
  6. Axelson, M., Sjovall, J., Gustafsson, B. E. and Setchell, K. D. R. 1982. Origin of lignans in mammals and identification of a precursor from plants. Nature 298:659-660. https://doi.org/10.1038/298659a0
  7. Belchetz, P. E. 1994. Hormonal treatment of postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:1062-1071. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199404143301508
  8. Block, G., Patterson, B. and Subar, A. 1992. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Cancer. 18:1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589209514201
  9. Boyle, W. J., Simonet, W. S. and Lacey, D. L. 2003. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 423:337-342. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01658
  10. Brooks, J. D., Ward, W. E., Lewis, J. E., Hilditch, J., Nickell, L., Wong, E. and Thompson, L. U. 2004. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementationwith an equal amount of soy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79:318-325. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.2.318
  11. Buck, K., Zaineddin, A. K., Vrieling, A., Linseisen, J. and Chang-Claude, J. 2010. Meta-analyses of lignans and enterolignans in relation to breast cancer risk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92:141-53. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28573
  12. Cederroth, C. R., Auger, J., Zimmermann, C., Eustache, F. and Nef. S. 2010. Soy, phyto-oestrogens and male reproductive function: A review. Int. J. Androl. 33:304-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01011.x
  13. Clavel, T., Henderson, G., Alpert, C. A., Philippe, C., Rigottier-Gois, L., Dore, J. and Blaut, M. 2005. Intestinal bacterial communities that produce active estrogen-like compounds enterodiol and enterolactone in humans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6077-6085. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.6077-6085.2005
  14. Constantinou, A. I., Krygier, A. E. and Mehta, R. R. 1998. Genistein induces maturation of cultured human breast cancer cells and prevents tumor growth in nude mice. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1426S-1430S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1426S
  15. Cornish, S. M., Chilibeck, P. D., Paus-Jennsen, L., Biem, H. J., Khozani, T., Senanayake, V., Vatanparast, H., Little, J. P., Whiting, S. J. and Pahwa, P. 2009. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 34:89-98. https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-142
  16. Cornwell, T., Cohick, W. and Raskin, I. 2004. Dietary phytoestrogens and health. Phytochemistry 65:995-1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.03.005
  17. Delmas, P. D. 2005. The use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 17:462-466.
  18. Del Rio, D., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Spencer, J. P., Tognolini, M., Borges, G. and Crozier, A. 2013. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: Structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 18:1818-1892. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4581
  19. Dixon-Shanies, D. and Shaikh, N. 1999. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by herbs and phytoestrogens. Oncol. Rep. 6:1383-1390.
  20. Doll, R. and Peto, R. 1981. The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66:1192-1308. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/66.6.1192
  21. Draper, C. R., Edel, M. J., Dick, I. M., Randall, A. G., Martin, G. B. and Prince, R. L. 1997. Phytoestrogens reduce bone loss and bone resorption in oophorectomized rats. J. Nutr. 127:1795-1799. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.9.1795
  22. Dupasquier, C. M., Weber, A. M., Ander, B. P., Rampersad, P. P., Steigerwald, S., Wigle, J. T., Kroeger, E. A., Gilchrist, J. S. C., Moghadasian, M. M. and Lukas, A. 2006. Effects of dietary flaxseed on vascular contractile function and atherosclerosis during prolonged hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291:H2987-H2996. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01179.2005
  23. Ewies, A. A. 2002. Phytoestrogens in the management of the menopause: Up-To-Date. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 57:306-313. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254-200205000-00023
  24. Gagnon, N., Cortes, C. and Petit, H. V. 2009. Weekly excretion of the mammalian lignan enterolactone in milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed meal. J. Dairy Research. 76:455-458. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029909990082
  25. Gonthier, C., Mustafa, A. F., Berthiaume, R., Petit, H. V., Martineau, R. and Ouellet, D. R. 2004. Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1854-1863. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73343-3
  26. Hallmans, G., Zhang, J. X., Lundin, E., Landstrom, M., Sylvan, A., Aman, P. and Knudsen, K. E. B. 1997. Influence of rye bran on the formation of bile acids and bioavailability of lignans. CFW Plex. 42:696-701.
  27. Hallund, J., Ravn-Haren, G., Bugel, S., Tholstrup, T. and Tetens, I. 2006. A lignan complex isolated from flaxseed does not affect plasma lipid concentrations or antioxidant capacity in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 136:112-116. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.1.112
  28. Hedelin, M., Lof, M., Olsson, M., Adlercreutz, H., Sandin, S. and Weiderpass, E., 2008. Dietary phytoestrogens are not associated with risk of overall breast cancer but diets rich in coumestrol are inversely associated with risk of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negative breast tumors in Swedish women. J. Nutr. 138:938-945. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.5.938
  29. Hirata, F., Fujita, K., Ishikura, Y., Hosoda, K., Ishikawa, T. and Nakamura. H. 1996. Hypocholesterolemic effect of sesame lignan in humans. Atherosclerosis 122:135-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(95)05769-2
  30. Horn-Ross, P. L., Barnes, S., Lee, V. S., Collins, C. N., Reynolds, P., Lee, M. M., Stewart, S. L., Canchola, A. J., Wilson, L. and Jones, K. 2006. Reliability and validity of an assessment of usual phytoestrogen consumption (United States). Cancer Causes Control 17:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-0391-6
  31. Hosseinian, F. S., Muir, A. D., Westcott, N. D. and Krol, E. S. 2006. Antioxidant capacity of flaxseed lignans in two model systems. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83:835-840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-5034-x
  32. Huang, J. M., Nasr, M., Kim, Y. H. and Matthews, H. R. 1992. Genistein inhibits protein histidine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 267:15511-15515.
  33. Hyvarinen, H. K., Pihlava, J. M., Hiidenhovi, J. A., Hietaniemi, V., Korhonen, H. J. and Ryhanen, E. L., 2006. Effect of processing and storage on the stability of flaxseed lignan added to dairy products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:8788-8792. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061285n
  34. Kang, M. H., Naito, M., Tsujihara, N. and Osawa, T. 1998. Sesamolin inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney. J. Nutr. 128:1018-1022. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.6.1018
  35. Kang, M. H., Naito, M., Tsujihara, N. and Osawa, T. 1999. Mode of action of sesame lignans in protecting low density lipoprotein against oxidative damage in vitro. Life Sci. 66:161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00574-3
  36. Kim, H. J., Bae, Y. C., Park, R. W., Choi, S. W., Cho, S. H., Choi, Y. S. and Lee, W. J. 2000. Bone-protecting effect of safflower seeds in ovariectomized rats. Calcif. Tissue Int. 71:88-94.
  37. Kim, J. Y. and Kim, M. 2005. The effects of Hijikia fusiforme on serum lipid levels in ovariectomized rats. J. Life Sci. 15:242-247. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2005.15.2.242
  38. Kim, Y. G., Jo, J. S. and Moon, C. K. 1999. Antimicrobial activities of the lignans from abies Koreana Wilson. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 31:260-262.
  39. Kim, Y. K., Jeon, M. H., Park, Y. S., Hwang, H. J., Lee, S. H., Kim, S. G., Kim, Y. Y. and Kim, M. H. 2010. The effect of Ecklonia stolonifera extracts on blood flow and serum lipid level in ovariectomized rats. J. Life Sci. 20:1851-1858. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2010.20.12.1851
  40. Krebs, E. E., Ensrud, K. E., MacDonald, R. and Wilt, T. J. 2004. Phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms: A systematic review. ACOG. 104:824-836.
  41. Kuhnle, G. G. C., Dell'Aquila, C., Aspinall, S. M., Runswick, S. A., Mulligan, A. A. and Bingham, S. A. 2009. Phytoestrogen content of cereals and cereal-based foods consumed in the UK. Nutr. Cancer 61:302-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580802567141
  42. Kuijsten, A., Arts, I. C., Hollman, P. C., van't Veer, P. and Kampman, E. 2006. Plasma enterolignans are associated with lower colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15:1132-1136. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0991
  43. Landete, J. M. 2012. Plant and mammalian lignans: A review of source, intake, metabolism, intestinal bacteria and health. Food Res. Int. 46:410-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.023
  44. Lee. E. O. 1995. The study on pathophysiology of women's ageing-on osteoporosis. J. Pharmaceutical Sci. Sookmyung Women's Univ. 11:9-33.
  45. Lee, H. J., Son, D. J., Kang, M. H., Lee, B. C. and Hong, J. T. 2006. Effects of lignan compound of sesame on LPS-induced nitric oxide generation in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea 32:173-180.
  46. Lee, S. B., Park, S. Y., Jeon, G. S. and Hong, I. K. 2016. Phytoestrogen extraction for relaxation of female menopause symptoms from natural products. Appl. Chem. Eng. 27:217-220. https://doi.org/10.14478/ace.2016.1023
  47. Levine, G. N., Jr. Keaney, J. F. and Vita J. A. 1995. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease-clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:512-521. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199502233320807
  48. Levis, S., Strickman-Stein, N., Doerge, D. R. and Krischer, J. 2010. Design and baseline characteristics of the soy phytoestrogens as replacement estrogen(SPARE) study-A clinical trial of the effects of soy isoflavones in menopausal women. Contemp. Clin. Trials. 31:293-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2010.03.007
  49. Li, Y., Li, M., Xing, G., Hu, Z., Wang, Q., Dong, C., Wei, H., Fan, G., Chen, J., Yang, X., Zhao, S., Chen, H., Guan, K., Wu, C., Zhang, C. and He, F. 2000. Stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by hepatopoietin. J. Biol. Chem. 275:37443-37447. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M004373200
  50. Mariette, X. 2006. Tolerance of anti-TNF alpha: The experience acquired in inflammatory rheumatic disease. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 133:8-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0151-9638(06)71010-9
  51. McClung, M. 2007. Role of RANKL inhibition in osteoporosis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 9:3.
  52. Miguel, V., Otero, J. A., Garcia-Villalba, R., Tomas-Barberan, F., Espin, J. C., Merino, G. and Alvarez, A. I. 2014. Role of ABCG2 in transport of the mammalian lignan enterolactone and its secretion into milk in ABCG2 knockout mice. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 42:943-946. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.113.055970
  53. Milder, I. E., Arts, I. C., van de Putte, B., Venema, D. P. and Hollman, P. C. 2005. Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: A database including lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. Br. J. Nutr. 93:393-402. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051371
  54. Milder, I. E., Feskens, E. J., Arts, I. C., de Mesquita, H. B. B., Hollman, P. C. and Kromhout, D. 2005. Intake of the plant lignans secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol and pinoresinol in Dutch men and women. J. Nutr. 135:1202-1207. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.5.1202
  55. Miyazak, T. and Nishijima, M. 1981. Structual examination of a water soluble antitumor polysaccharide of Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 29:3611-3616. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.29.3611
  56. Miyawaki, T., Aono, H., Toyoda-Ono, Y., Maeda, H., Kiso, Y. and Moriyama, K. 2009. Antihypertensive effects of sesamin in humans. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 55:87-91. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.55.87
  57. Murkies, A. L., Wilcox, G. and Davis, S. R. 1998. Phytoestrogens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83:297-303.
  58. Namba, T., Hatori, M., Tsunezuka, M., Yamagish, T. and Konishi, K. 1982. Studies on the dental caries prevention by traditional Chinese medicines. part III. In vitro susceptibility of a variety of bacteria to magnolol and hinokiol, the cpmponents of magnolia cortex. Shoyakugaku zasshi 36:222-227.
  59. Park, H. M. 2007. The efficacy of phytoestrogen in postmenopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. Sci. 50:389-415.
  60. Park, Y. S. 2012. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. J. Korean Am. Med. Assocn. 55:1083-1094. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2012.55.11.1083
  61. Penalvo, J. L., Adlercreutz, H., Uehara, M. and Ristimaki, A. 2008. Lignan content of selected foods from Japan. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:401-409. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072695u
  62. Penalvo, J. L., Heinonen, S. M., Aura, A. M. and Adlercreutz, H. 2005. Dietary sesamin is converted to enterolactone in humans. J. Nutr. 135:1056-1062. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.5.1056
  63. Penttinen, P., Jaehrling, J., Damdimopoulos, A. E., Inzunza, J., Lemmen, J. G., van der Saag, P. and Pongratz, I. 2007. Diet-derived polyphenol metabolite enterolactone is a tissue-specific estrogen receptor activator. Endocrinology 148:4875-4886. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0289
  64. Peterson, J., Dwyer, J., Adlercreutz, H., Scalbert, A., Jacques, P. and McCullough, M. L. 2010. Dietary lignans: Physiology and potential for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Nutr. Rev. 68:571-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00319.x
  65. Petit, H. V. 2010. Feed intake, milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed flaxseed. Can. J. Zool. 90:115-127.
  66. Pettersson, D., Aman, P., Knudsen, K. E., Lundin, E., Zhang, J. X., Hallmans, G., Harkonen, H. and Adlercreutz, H. 1996. Intake of rye bread ileostomists increases ileal excretion of fiber polysaccharide components and organic acids but does not increase plasma or urine lignans and isoflavonoids. J. Nutr. 126:1594-1600. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.6.1594
  67. Prasad, K. 2000. Antioxidant activity of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-derived metabolites, secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol and enterolactone. Int. J. Angiology. 9:220-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01623898
  68. Rodan, G. A. and Martin, T. J. 2000. Therapeutic approaches to bone diseases. Science. 289:1508-1514. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5484.1508
  69. Rosen, C. and Bilezikian, J. P. 1997. Evolving toward a new paradigm for prevention of osteoporosis-the time is upon us. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:450-455.
  70. Rossouw, J. E. 2002. Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular risk. J. Hypertens. Suppl. 20:S62-S65.
  71. Ryu, S. N., Lee, E. J., Yoon, H. S. and Kang, S. S. 2003. Chemical structure and physiologial activity of lignan component in sesame. Korean J. Crop. Sci. 48:65-71.
  72. Saarinen, N. M., Smeds, A., Makela, S. I., Ammala, J., Hakala, K., Pihlava, J. M., Ryhanen, E. L., Sjoholm, R. and Santti, R. 2002. Structural determinants of plant lignans for the formation of enterolactone in vivo. J. Chromatogr. B. 777:311-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00339-2
  73. Saarinen, N. M., Warri, A., Airio, M., Smeds, A. and Makela, S. 2007. Role of dietary lignans in the reduction of breast cancer risk. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51:857-866. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600240
  74. Setchell, K. D. 1998. Phytoestrogens: The biochemistry, physiology and implications for human health of soy isoflavones. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:1333S-1346S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1333S
  75. Shin, M. Y. and Kwun, I. S. 2016. Vitamin D: Hormone-like nutrient. J Nutr Health. 49:1-7. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.1.1
  76. Sirotkin, A. V. and Harrath, A. H. 2014. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 741:230-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.057
  77. Smeds, A. I., Eklund, P. C., Sjoholm, R. E., Willfor, S. M., Nishibe, S., Deyama, T. and Holmbom, B. R., 2007. Quantification of a broad spectrum of lignans in cereals, oilseeds and nuts. Agric. Food Chem. 55:1337-1346. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0629134
  78. Thompson, L. U., Rickard, S. E., Orcheson, L. J. and Seidl, M. M. 1996. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 17:1373-1376. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/17.6.1373
  79. Touillaud, M. S., Thiebaut, A. C., Fournier, A., Niravong, M., Boutron-Ruault, M. C. and Clavel-Chapelon, F. 2007. Dietary lignan intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99:475-486. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djk096
  80. Valsta, L., Kilkkinen, A., Mazur, W., Nurmi, T., Lampi, A., Ovaskainen, M., Korhonen, T., Adlercreutz, H. and Pietinen, P. 2003. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. Br. J. Nutr. 89:31-38.
  81. van der Schouw, Y. T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers, S., Peeters, P. H., Keinan-Boker, L., Rimm, E. B. and Grobbee, D. E., 2005. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Circulation 111:465-471. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000153814.87631.B0
  82. Wada-Hiraike, O., Warner, M. and Gustafsson, J. A. 2006. New developments in oestrogen signalling in colonic epithelium. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34:1114-1116. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0341114
  83. Zhang, W., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Tian, H., Flickinger, B., Empie, M. W. and Sun, S. Z. 2008. Dietary flaxseed lignan extract lowers plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 99:1301-1309.

Cited by

  1. 감국을 주성분으로 하는 허브차의 투여가 출산 후 쥐의 유즙 생성 및 관련 호르몬 분비에 미치는 영향 vol.53, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2020.53.5.445