The Korea Journal of Herbology (대한본초학회지)

The Korea Association of Herbology (대한본초학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An External and Micromorphological Identification for Pharbitidis Semen and its Congeneric Species

외부 및 미세형태 비교를 통한 견우자(牽牛子) 기원종 및 동속이종(同屬異種) 감별

  • Song, Jun-Ho (Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Yang, Sungyu (Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Choi, Goya (Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine) ;
  • Moon, Byeong Cheol (Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine)
  • 송준호 (한국한의학연구원 한약연구부) ;
  • 양선규 (한국한의학연구원 한약연구부) ;
  • 최고야 (한국한의학연구원 한약연구부) ;
  • 문병철 (한국한의학연구원 한약연구부)
  • Received : 2018.06.02
  • Accepted : 2018.07.25
  • Published : 2018.07.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives : Pharbitidis Semen, the seeds of Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth or I. purpurea (L.) Roth, is well-known traditional herbal medicine in Korea. But it is often marketed as a different seed or mixtures of its closely related species. Thus, the present study aims to provide external and micromorphological characters and identification key by using stereoscope (ST) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for discriminating authentic of Pharbitidis Semen. Methods : A discrimination on external morphological characteristics of sepals, fruits, seeds, and hilum, testa cell micromorphology in the original plants and its congeneric species was carried out using digital calipers, ST, and SEM. Results : Number of valves (degree of apex of each valve), number of seeds per locule, hairy in capsules and size, luster, density of hairy, hilum shape in seeds and shape of cell, anticlinal, periclinal wall in testa may have high discriminative value. The seeds of Ipomoea nil as an original plant of Pharbitidis Semen were distinguished from other species by the relative larger in size, ovoid-trigonous in shape, mostly flabellate or triangular to trapezoid in outline (c.s.), dull, and puberulent in surface and thicken anticlinal wall. Conclusions : On the basis of the results, an identification key of Pharbitidis Semen and closely related species is provided. Our observations suggest that the combination of morphological characters and other studied results could be helpful in the successfully identified authentic herbal medicines. Moreover, micromorphological characters using SEM could be useful for discriminating authentic medicines.

Keywords

References

  1. Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Defining Dictionary for Medicinal Herbs [Korean, 'Hanyak Giwon Sajeon'] 2018. Published on the Internet; http://boncho.kiom.re.kr/codex/(accessed 2018-04-11)
  2. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Committee. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2015 ed. Part I. Beijing : China Medical Science and Technology Press. 2015.
  3. Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy. Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia 2nd ed. English Version. Taipei City : Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2013 : 204.
  4. Korea Food and Drug Administration. Korean Pharmacopoeia 11th ed. The KFDA Notification No. 2017-63. 2016 Jul 31th.
  5. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Japanese Pharmacopoeia 17th ed. The MHLW Ministerial Notification No. 64. 2016 Apr 1st.
  6. Pharmacopoeia Committee of the DPRK. Pharmacopoeia of Democratic People's Republic of Korea 7th ed. Pyeongyang : Medicine and Science Press. 2011.
  7. Ju YS. Ungok Herbology. 2nd ed. Jeonju : Woosuk press. 2013 : 1092-4.
  8. Takahashi N, Yokota T, Murofushi N, Tamura S. Structures of Gibberellins A26 and A27 in immature seeds of Pharbitis nil . Tetrahedron Lett. 1969 : 2077-80.
  9. Ono M, Noda N, Kawasaki T, Miyahara K. Reinvestigation of the component organic acid and glycosidic acids of pharbitin, the crude ether-insoluble resin glycoside (convolvulin) of Pharbitidis Semen (seeds of Pharbitis nil ). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990 ; 38 : 1892-7. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.38.1892
  10. Kim AK, Cha EJ. Effect of Pharbitidis seed extract on the antioxidant enzyme activity in B16F10 murine melanoma cells by oxidative stress. Yakhak Hoeji. 2007 ; 48 : 93-8.
  11. Kim KH, Choi SU, Son MW, Lee KR. Two new phenolic amides from the seeds of Pharbitis nil . Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2010 ; 58 : 1532-5. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.1532
  12. Ko SG, Jun CY, Park CH, Bae HS. Anti-cancer effects and apoptosis by Korean medicinal herbs. J. Physiol. Pathol. Kor. Med. 2003 ; 17 : 819-25.
  13. Ko SG, Koh SH, Jun CY, Nam CG, Bae HS, Shin MK. Induction of apoptosis by Saussurea lappa and Pharbitis nil on AGS gastric cancer cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2004 ; 27 : 1604-10. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.1604
  14. Park YJ, Choi CI, Chung KH, Kim KH. Pharbilignan C induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway in human breast cancer cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016 ; 26 : 4645-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.054
  15. Choi HD, Yu SN, Park SG, Kim YW, Nam HW, An HH, Kim SH, Kim KY, Ahn SC. Biological activities of Pharbitis nil and partial purification of anticancer agent from its extract. Journal of Life Science. 2017 ; 27(2) : 225-32. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2017.27.2.225
  16. Ko MJ, Park SY, Lee KJ, Yi TH, Lee WC, Han CK, Khil JH. Anti-inflammatory effects of Pharbitis nil Choisy in lipopolysaccharide-induceds RAW 264.7 cells. The Journal of Cosmetological Science. 2010 ; 6(2) : 105-111.
  17. Kim JH, Seong JM, Moon HJ, Hwang JM, Hwang KS, Kwon YD, Kwon IK, Park YD. Effects of Pharbitidis Semen extract on osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2010 ; 7(2) : 230-6.
  18. Fang RC, Staples GW. Ipomoea L. In: Wu ZY and Raven PH (eds.), Flora of China. Vol. 16. Beijing & St. Louis : Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 1995 : 301-12.
  19. Yoon JH, Doh EJ, Jun SH, Ryu JH, Kim JH, Lee GS. Morphological identification-key for Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and its adulterants. Korean Herb. Med. Inf. 2016 ; 4(2) : 37-41.
  20. Ji CY, Kim TJ, Lee SH, Kim YS, Lee GS, Kim JH, Choi G, Ju YS. Identification of morphological appearance of fine seed herbs using stereoscope (Report I)- Celosiae Semen, Celoisae Cristatae Semen, Cuscutae Semen, Perillae Semen. J. Korean Med. 2013 ; 34(3) : 1-12. https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.13008
  21. Kim YS, Ju YS. Identification of morphological appearance of minute seed herbs using stereoscope (Report II)-Alli Tuberosi Semen, Alli Fistulosi Semen, Malvae Semen, Abutili Semen, Plantaginis Semen, Schizonepetae Semen. Kor. J. Herbol. 2016 ; 31(4) : 61-9. https://doi.org/10.6116/KJH.2016.31.4.61.
  22. Barthlott W. Epidermal and seed surface characters of plants: systematic applicability and some evolutionary aspects. Nord. J. Bot. 1981 ; 1(3) : 345-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb00704.x
  23. Song JH, Kim JM, Ok MK, Hong SP. Comparative seed morphology of the tribe Alsineae (Caryophyllaceae) in Korea and its taxonomic implications. Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 2015 ; 45(4) : 369-79. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2015.45.4.369
  24. Lin CY, Tan DY. Seed testa micromorphology of thirty-eight species of Allium (Amaryllidaceae) from central Asia, and its taxonomic implications. Nord. J. Bot. 2017 ; 35(2) : 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01259
  25. National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation. The Dispensatory on the Visual and Organoleptic Examination of Herbal Medicine. Cheongwon, Korea. 2012 : 40-1.
  26. Korea Food and Drug Administration. Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia 4th ed. The KFDA Notification No. 2017-85. 2017 ; 357-8.
  27. National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation. The Dispensatory on the Visual and Organoleptic Examination of Herbal Medicine. Cheongwon, Korea. 2012 : 552-3.
  28. National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation. The Dispensatory on the Visual and Organoleptic Examination of Herbal Medicine. Cheongwon, Korea. 2012 : 641.
  29. Kim CM, Lee YJ, Kim IL, Shin JH, Lim YI. Coloured Illustrations for Discrimination of Herbal Medicine. Seoul : Academybooks. 2014 : 218.
  30. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2018. Published on the Internet; http://www.tropicos.org/ (accessed 2018-04-12)
  31. The Plant List. Version 1.1. 2013. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed 2018-04-12)
  32. Kim WJ, Yang S, Choi G, Moon BC. Identification of marker nucleotides for the molecular authentication of Araliae Continentalis Radix based on the analysis of universal DNA barcode, matK and rbcL, Sequences. Kor. J. Herbol. 2016;31(5):15-23. https://doi.org/10.6116/kjh.2016.31.5.15.
  33. Moon BC, Park I, Kim WJ, Yang S, Kang YM. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., an important medicinal plant, and identification of DNA markers to authenticate Fritillariae Bulbus. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 2018 ; 59(1) : 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-018-0008-0
  34. Noh P, Han K, Kim WJ, Yang S, Choi G, Ko SC, Moon BC. Study on molecular phylogenetics of Korean Arisaema species based on universal DNA barcodes. Korean J. Plant Res. 2018 ; 31(1) : 37-51. https://doi.org/10.7732/KJPR.2018.31.1.037