Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society

Korean Data Analysis Society (한국자료분석학회)
권호 표지

The Effects of Emotional Diversity and Strength on Dynamic Decision Making, Psychological Flexibility, and Psychological Health

정서의 다양성과 강도가 동적 의사결정, 심리적 유연성, 심리적 건강에 미치는 영향

  • 김영준 (아주대학교 일반대학원 심리학과) ;
  • 김경일 (아주대학교 사회과학대학 심리학과)
  • Received : 2018.05.20
  • Accepted : 2018.06.20
  • Published : 2018.06.30

⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study examined the effects of emotional diversity and emotional strength on psychological flexibility, psychological health, and decision making. A recent study suggests that those who experience various types of emotions are healthier than those who experience fewer emotions. This is because the variety of emotions experienced is a result of appropriately responding to various situations cause emotions. This adaptive value is similar to the concept of psychological flexibility. Psychological flexibility has a positive effect on health and decision-making, and it stresses the flexibility of the executive function as the basis. In particular, it seemed to explain the performance of dynamic decision making because it can respond appropriately to unexpected situation changes. The results showed that the higher the emotional diversity, the lower the performance of the dynamic decision task, the more psychologically flexible, and the more psychologically healthy. The emotional diversity was the only variable that explained the performance of the dynamic decision task.

본 연구는 정서의 다양성과 정서의 강도가 심리적 유연성, 건강, 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 최근 한 연구는 긍정과 부정 정서를 구분하지 않고 다양한 종류의 정서를 경험하는 사람이 적은 수의 정서를 경험한 사람보다 더 건강하다고 주장하였다. 경험한 정서의 다양함은 정서를 유발하는 다양한 상황에 적합하게 대응한 결과이기 때문이다. 이러한 적응적 가치는 심리적 유연성의 개념과 유사하다. 심리적 유연성은 건강과 의사결정 수행에 긍정적인 효과가 있는데, 그 기저로 집행기능의 유연성을 강조하고 있다. 특히, 예측하지 못한 상황 변화에 적절한 대응할 수 있다는 점에서 동적 의사결정의 수행을 설명할 수 있을 것으로 생각했다. 따라서 본 연구는 정서의 다양성과 강도를 비교하였고, 그 효과가 심리적 유연성, 심리적 건강, 동적 의사 결정에 미치는 정도를 비교하였다. 연구 결과 정서 다양성이 높을수록 동적 의사결정 과제의 수행이 낮았고, 심리적으로 더 유연하였고, 심리적으로 더 건강하였다. 동적 의사결정 과제의 수행을 설명하는 변인은 정서 다양성 점수가 유일하였다. 그리고 정서의 다양성과 강도 효과를 비교한 결과 심리적 유연성과 건강에 미치는 영향은 정서의 다양성보다 정서의 강도가 더 강하였다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : 한국연구재단

References

  1. Back, S., Cho, H. (2017). Influence of empathy, anxiety, and social support on adaptation to university life in undergraduate student, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 19(5B), 2841-2852. (in Korean).
  2. Barrett, L. F., Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotional intelligence: A process model of emotion representation and regulation. In T. J. Mayne G. A. Bonanno (Ed.), Emotions and social behavior. Emotions: Current issues and future directions, (pp.286-310). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  3. Barrett, L. F., Russell, J. A. (1999). The structure of current affect: Controversies and emerging consensus, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(1), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00003
  4. Bond, F. W., Bunce, D. (2001). Job control mediates change in a work reorganization intervention for stress reduction, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(4), 290-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.4.290
  5. Bond, F. W., Flaxman, P. E., van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M., Biron, M. (2010). The impact of psychological flexibility and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on health and productivity at work, Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology, Global Perspectives on Research and Practice, 1, 296-313.
  6. Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and experiential avoidance, Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
  7. Brehmer, B. (1990). Strategies in real-time, dynamic decision making. In R. M. Hogarth (Ed.), Insights in Decision Making (pp. 262-279). Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press.
  8. Brehmer, B. (1992). Dynamic decision making: Human control of complex systems, Acta Psychologica, 81(3), 211-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(92)90019-A
  9. Brehmer, B., Dorner, D. (1993). Experiments with computer-simulated microworlds: Escaping both the narrow straits of the laboratory and the deep blue sea of the field study, Computers in Human Behavior, 9, 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(93)90005-D
  10. Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates, Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 401-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.401
  11. Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 839-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839
  12. Ciarrochi, J., Caputi, P., Mayer, J. D. (2003). The distinctiveness and utility of a measure of trait emotional awareness, Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1477-1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00129-0
  13. Collis, R. (2012). Effective decision making, Web page of working with ACT, from http://workingwithact.com/2012/02/27/effective-decision-making-2/.
  14. Diener, E., Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity, Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
  15. Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale, Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  16. Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure-and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 1011-1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011
  17. Gonzalez, C., Lerch, J. F., Lebiere, C. (2003). Instance-based learning in dynamic decision making, Cognitive Science, 27(4), 591-635. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2704_2
  18. Gonzalez, C., Vanyukov, P., Martin, M. K. (2005). The use of microworlds to study dynamic decision making, Computers in Human Behavior, 21(2), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.02.014
  19. Guss, C. D., Dorner, D. (2011). Cultural differences in dynamic decision-making strategies in a non-linear, time-delayed task, Cognitive Systems Research, 12(3-4), 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2010.12.003
  20. Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
  21. Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152
  22. Heo, J., Choi, M., Jin, H. (2009). Study on the reliability and validity of Korean translated acceptance-action questionnaire-II, The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 21(4), 861-878. (in Korean).
  23. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. 2nd ed, Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage publications.
  24. Kashdan, T. B., Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health, Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001
  25. Kim, S.-J., Choi, Y.-G., Yi, H.-W., Shin, H.-J. (2008). The qualitative difference of processing styles on affect: The differential impact of anger and delight, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 10(2B), 807-817. (in Korean).
  26. Kim, M. S., Kim, H. W. (2000). Analyses on the structure of psychological well-being (PWB) and relationship between PWB and subjective well-being (SWB) among Korean married women, Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 5(1), 27-41. (in Korean).
  27. Kim, M. S., Kim, H. W., Cha, K. H. (2001). Analyses on the construct of psychological well-being (PWB) of Korean male and female adults, Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 15(2), 19-39. (in Korean).
  28. Kim, K., Yoo, S. (2010). The relations between factors of psychological and subjective well-being using structural equation model, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 12(3B), 1321-1338. (in Korean).
  29. Kleiger, R. E., Miller, J. P., Bigger, J. T., Moss, A. J. (1987). Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction, American Journal of Cardiology, 59(4), 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(87)90795-8
  30. Ko, Y., Yu, S. (2017). The effects of compassionate competence, affectivity and bullying experiences during clinical training on the major adaptation in nursing students, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 19(4B), 2219-2231. (in Korean).
  31. Larsen, R. J., Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, No. 13. Emotion (pp. 25-59). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
  32. Lee, H., Kim, E., Lee, M. (2003). A validation study of Korea positive and negative affect schedule: The PANAS scales, Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 935-946. (in Korean).
  33. Lindquist, K. A., Barrett, L. F. (2012). A functional architecture of the human brain: emerging insights from the science of emotion, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(11), 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.005
  34. Lindquist, K. A., Satpute, A. B., Wager, T. D., Weber, J., Barrett, L. F. (2015). The brain basis of positive and negative affect: evidence from a meta-analysis of the human neuroimaging literature, Cerebral Cortex, 26(5), 1910-1922. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv001
  35. Menon, V. (2015). Salience Network. In: Arthur W. Toga, (Ed.), Brain Mapping: An Encyclopedic Reference, 2, (pp. 597-611). London, UK: Academic Press, Elsevier.
  36. Mikolajczak, M., Quoidbach, J., Vanootighem, V., Lambert, F., Lahaye, M., Fillee, C., de Timary, P. (2010). Cortisol awakening response (CAR)'s flexibility leads to larger and more consistent associations with psychological factors than CAR magnitude, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(5), 752-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.11.003
  37. Philippot, P., Schaefer, A., Herbette, G. (2003). Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation, Emotion, 3(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.3.270
  38. Quoidbach, J., Gruber, J., Mikolajczak, M., Kogan, A., Kotsou, I., Norton, M. I. (2014). Emodiversity and the emotional ecosystem, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(6), 2057-2066. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038025
  39. Richman, L. S., Kubzansky, L., Maselko, J., Kawachi, I., Choo, P., Bauer, M. (2005). Positive emotion and health: going beyond the negative, Health Psychology, 24(4), 422-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.422
  40. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  41. Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Bhullar, N., Rooke, S. E. (2007). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health, Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 921-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.003
  42. Strohschneider, S. (2002). Cultural factors in complex decision making, Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1030
  43. Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., Feldman, B. L. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health, Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161-1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
  44. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
  45. Watson, D., Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood, Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
  46. Whiting, D., Deane, F., Ciarrochi, J., McLeod, H. Simpson, G. (2014). Exploring the relationship between cognitive flexibility and psychological flexibility after acquired brain injury, Brain Injury, 28(5-6), 646-647.