DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Past, Present and Future of Heart Transplantation

  • Kim, In-Cheol (Division of Cardiology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center) ;
  • Youn, Jong-Chan (Division of Cardiology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kobashigawa, Jon A. (Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute)
  • Received : 2018.06.07
  • Accepted : 2018.06.18
  • Published : 2018.07.30

Abstract

Heart transplantation (HTx) has become standard treatment for selected patients with end-stage heart failure. Improvements in immunosuppressant, donor procurement, surgical techniques, and post-HTx care have resulted in a substantial decrease in acute allograft rejection, which had previously significantly limited survival of HTx recipients. However, limitations to long-term allograft survival exist, including rejection, infection, coronary allograft vasculopathy, and malignancy. Careful balance of immunosuppressive therapy and vigilant surveillance for complications can further improve long-term outcomes of HTx recipients.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF), Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)

References

  1. Barnard CN. The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. S Afr Med J 1967;41:1271-4.
  2. Reitz BA, Bieber CP, Raney AA, et al. Orthotopic heart and combined heart and lung transplantation with cyclosporin-A immune suppression. Transplant Proc 1981;13:393-6.
  3. Lund LH, Khush KK, Cherikh WS, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-fourth Adult Heart Transplantation Report - 2017; focus theme: allograft ischemic time. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017;36:1037-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2017.07.019
  4. Krittayaphong R, Ariyachaipanich A. Heart transplant in Asia. Heart Fail Clin 2015;11:563-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2015.07.008
  5. Wang SS, Chu SH, Ko WJ. Clinical outcome of heart transplantation: experience at the National Taiwan University Hospital. Transplant Proc 1996;28:1733-4.
  6. Chawalit O, Meunmai S, Kittichai L, et al. The first successful heart transplantation in South East Asia. Rinsho Kyobu Geka 1988;8:480-3.
  7. Jung SH, Kim JJ, Choo SJ, Yun TJ, Chung CH, Lee JW. Long-term mortality in adult orthotopic heart transplant recipients. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26:599-603. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2011.26.5.599
  8. Youn JC, Han S, Ryu KH. Temporal trends of hospitalized patients with heart failure in Korea. Korean Circ J 2017;47:16-24. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.0429
  9. Ng AK, Jim MH, Yip GW, Ng PY, Fan K. Long term survival and prevalence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in Chinese adults after heart transplantation - a retrospective study in Hong Kong. Int J Cardiol 2016;220:787-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.319
  10. Fukushima N, Ono M, Saiki Y, Sawa Y, Nunoda S, Isobe M. Registry report on heart transplantation in Japan (June 2016). Circ J 2017;81:298-303. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-16-0976
  11. Lee KF, Lin CY, Tsai YT, et al. The status of heart transplantation in Taiwan, 2005-2010. Transplant Proc 2014;46:934-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.067
  12. Lee HY, Oh BH. Heart transplantation in Asia. Circ J 2017;81:617-21. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-17-0162
  13. Smits JM, de Vries E, De Pauw M, et al. Is it time for a cardiac allocation score? First results from the Eurotransplant pilot study on a survival benefit-based heart allocation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013;32:873-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2013.03.015
  14. Davies RR, Farr M, Silvestry S, et al. The new United States heart allocation policy: progress through collaborative revision. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017;36:595-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2017.03.010
  15. Kittleson MM. Changing role of heart transplantation. Heart Fail Clin 2016;12:411-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2016.03.004
  16. Colvin-Adams M, Valapour M, Hertz M, et al. Lung and heart allocation in the United States. Am J Transplant 2012;12:3213-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04258.x
  17. Nwakanma LU, Williams JA, Weiss ES, Russell SD, Baumgartner WA, Conte JV. Influence of pretransplant panel-reactive antibody on outcomes in 8,160 heart transplant recipients in recent era. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1556-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.05.095
  18. Meyer DM, Rogers JG, Edwards LB, et al. The future direction of the adult heart allocation system in the United States. Am J Transplant 2015;15:44-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13030
  19. Kobashigawa JA, Johnson M, Rogers J, et al. Report from a forum on US heart allocation policy. Am J Transplant 2015;15:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13033
  20. Kobashigawa J, Zuckermann A, Macdonald P, et al. Report from a consensus conference on primary graft dysfunction after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014;33:327-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2014.02.027
  21. Kobashigawa J, Mehra M, West L, et al. Report from a consensus conference on the sensitized patient awaiting heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:213-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2008.12.017
  22. Kobashigawa J, Crespo-Leiro MG, Ensminger SM, et al. Report from a consensus conference on antibody-mediated rejection in heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:252-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.11.003
  23. Lee HY, Jeon ES, Kang SM, Kim JJ. Initial report of the Korean Organ Transplant Registry (KOTRY): heart transplantation. Korean Circ J 2017;47:868-76. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.0403
  24. Kim IC, Youn JC. Understanding the current status of Korean heart transplantation based on initial KOTRY report. Korean Circ J 2017;47:858-60. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2017.0330
  25. Mehra MR, Canter CE, Hannan MM, et al. The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: a 10-year update. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016;35:1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2015.10.023
  26. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019
  27. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129-200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
  28. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:776-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025
  29. Kim MS, Lee JH, Kim EJ, et al. Korean guidelines for diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure. Korean Circ J 2017;47:555-643. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2017.0009
  30. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225-37. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043399
  31. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539-49. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050496
  32. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1511-20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602001
  33. Goldenberg I, Kutyifa V, Klein HU, et al. Survival with cardiac-resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1694-701. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1401426
  34. Kittleson MM, Patel JK, Kobashigawa JA. Chapter 72: cardiac transplantation. In: Fuster V, Harrington RA, Narula J, Eapen ZJ, editors. Hurst's the Heart. 14th ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2017.
  35. Huprikar S, Danziger-Isakov L, Ahn J, et al. Solid organ transplantation from hepatitis B virus-positive donors: consensus guidelines for recipient management. Am J Transplant 2015;15:1162-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13187
  36. Shin HS, Cho HJ, Jeon ES, et al. The impact of hepatitis B on heart transplantation: 19 years of national experience in Korea. Ann Transplant 2014;19:182-7. https://doi.org/10.12659/AOT.889680
  37. Feld JJ, Jacobson IM, Hezode C, et al. Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for HCV genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 infection. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2599-607. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1512610
  38. Khush KK, Zaroff JG, Nguyen J, Menza R, Goldstein BA. National decline in donor heart utilization with regional variability: 1995-2010. Am J Transplant 2015;15:642-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13055
  39. Kobashigawa J, Khush K, Colvin M, et al. Report from the American Society of Transplantation conference on donor heart selection in adult cardiac transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 2017;17:2559-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14354
  40. Zaroff JG, Rosengard BR, Armstrong WF, et al. Consensus conference report: maximizing use of organs recovered from the cadaver donor: cardiac recommendations, March 28-29, 2001, Crystal City, Va. Circulation 2002;106:836-41. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000025587.40373.75
  41. Dhital KK, Iyer A, Connellan M, et al. Adult heart transplantation with distant procurement and ex-vivo preservation of donor hearts after circulatory death: a case series. Lancet 2015;385:2585-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60038-1
  42. Ardehali A, Esmailian F, Deng M, et al.PROCEED II trial investigators. Ex-vivo perfusion of donor hearts for human heart transplantation (PROCEED II): a prospective, open-label, multicentre, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2015;385:2577-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60261-6
  43. Kobashigawa J. Clinical Guide to Heart Transplantation. Los Angeles (CA): Springer; 2017.
  44. Awad M, Czer LS, Hou M, et al. Early denervation and later reinnervation of the heart following cardiac transplantation: a review. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e004070. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004070
  45. Russo MJ, Iribarne A, Hong KN, et al. Factors associated with primary graft failure after heart transplantation. Transplantation 2010;90:444-50.
  46. Russo MJ, Chen JM, Sorabella RA, et al. The effect of ischemic time on survival after heart transplantation varies by donor age: an analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:554-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.019
  47. Briasoulis A, Inampudi C, Pala M, Asleh R, Alvarez P, Bhama J. Induction immunosuppressive therapy in cardiac transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2018 [Epub ahead of print].
  48. Grimm M, Rinaldi M, Yonan NA, et al. Superior prevention of acute rejection by tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine in heart transplant recipients--a large European trial. Am J Transplant 2006;6:1387-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01300.x
  49. Kobashigawa JA, Miller LW, Russell SD, et al.Study Investigators. Tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or sirolimus vs. cyclosporine with MMF in cardiac transplant patients: 1-year report. Am J Transplant 2006;6:1377-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01290.x
  50. Taylor DO, Barr ML, Radovancevic B, et al. A randomized, multicenter comparison of tacrolimus and cyclosporine immunosuppressive regimens in cardiac transplantation: decreased hyperlipidemia and hypertension with tacrolimus. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999;18:336-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-2498(98)00060-6
  51. Ye F, Ying-Bin X, Yu-Guo W, Hetzer R. Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine microemulsion for heart transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2008.10.004
  52. Kobashigawa J, Miller L, Renlund D, et al. A randomized active-controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998;66:507-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199808270-00016
  53. Kobashigawa JA, Renlund DG, Gerosa G, et al. Similar efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS, myfortic) compared with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in de novo heart transplant recipients: results of a 12-month, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:935-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2006.04.005
  54. Eisen HJ, Tuzcu EM, Dorent R, et al. Everolimus for the prevention of allograft rejection and vasculopathy in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003;349:847-58. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022171
  55. Keogh A, Richardson M, Ruygrok P, et al. Sirolimus in de novo heart transplant recipients reduces acute rejection and prevents coronary artery disease at 2 years: a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2004;110:2694-700. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000136812.90177.94
  56. Eisen HJ, Kobashigawa J, Starling RC, et al. Everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplantation: a randomized, multicenter trial. Am J Transplant 2013;13:1203-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12181
  57. Kobashigawa JA, Pauly DF, Starling RC, et al.A2310 IVUS Substudy Investigators. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy by intravascular ultrasound in heart transplant patients: substudy from the Everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil randomized, multicenter trial. JACC Heart Fail 2013;1:389-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2013.07.002
  58. Mancini D, Pinney S, Burkhoff D, et al. Use of rapamycin slows progression of cardiac transplantation vasculopathy. Circulation 2003;108:48-53. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000070421.38604.2B
  59. Cabezon S, Lage E, Hinojosa R, Ordonez A, Campos A. Sirolimus improves renal function in cardiac transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005;37:1546-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.02.006
  60. Bestetti R, Theodoropoulos TA, Burdmann EA, Filho MA, Cordeiro JA, Villafanha D. Switch from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus-induced renal recovery in heart transplant recipients in the midterm follow-up. Transplantation 2006;81:692-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000177644.45192.a3
  61. Kuppahally S, Al-Khaldi A, Weisshaar D, et al. Wound healing complications with de novo sirolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil-based regimen in cardiac transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006;6:986-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01282.x
  62. Kobashigawa J, Ross H, Bara C, et al. Everolimus is associated with a reduced incidence of cytomegalovirus infection following de novo cardiac transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2013;15:150-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12007
  63. Andreassen AK, Andersson B, Gustafsson F, et al. Everolimus initiation and early calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal in heart transplant recipients: a randomized trial. Am J Transplant 2014;14:1828-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12809
  64. Kim IC, Oh J, Lee CJ, Kim JY, Youn YN, Kang SM. Bioptome perforation at superior vena cava anastomosis site in transplanted heart. Korean Circ J 2017;47:538-9. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2017.0015
  65. Weber BN, Kobashigawa JA, Givertz MM. Evolving areas in heart transplantation. JACC Heart Fail 2017;5:869-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2017.10.009
  66. Costanzo MR, Dipchand A, Starling R, et al. The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:914-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.05.034
  67. Deng MC, Eisen HJ, Mehra MR, et al. Noninvasive discrimination of rejection in cardiac allograft recipients using gene expression profiling. Am J Transplant 2006;6:150-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01175.x
  68. Pham MX, Teuteberg JJ, Kfoury AG, et al. Gene-expression profiling for rejection surveillance after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1890-900. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0912965
  69. Kobashigawa J, Patel J, Azarbal B, et al. Randomized pilot trial of gene expression profiling versus heart biopsy in the first year after heart transplant: early invasive monitoring attenuation through gene expression trial. Circ Heart Fail 2015;8:557-64. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001658
  70. Stewart S, Winters GL, Fishbein MC, et al. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:1710-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2005.03.019
  71. Colvin MM, Cook JL, Chang P, et al. Antibody-mediated rejection in cardiac transplantation: emerging knowledge in diagnosis and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131:1608-39. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000093
  72. Berry GJ, Burke MM, Andersen C, et al. The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Working Formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the pathologic diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection in heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013;32:1147-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2013.08.011
  73. Tambur AR, Pamboukian SV, Costanzo MR, et al. The presence of HLA-directed antibodies after heart transplantation is associated with poor allograft outcome. Transplantation 2005;80:1019-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000180564.14050.49
  74. Coutance G, Ouldamar S, Rouvier P, et al. Late antibody-mediated rejection after heart transplantation: mortality, graft function, and fulminant cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015;34:1050-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2015.03.002
  75. Kobashigawa JA, Stevenson LW, Moriguchi JD, et al. Is intravenous glucocorticoid therapy better than an oral regimen for asymptomatic cardiac rejection? A randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1142-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(93)90237-U
  76. Kobashigawa JA, Tobis JM, Starling RC, et al. Multicenter intravascular ultrasound validation study among heart transplant recipients: outcomes after five years. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1532-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.035
  77. Kobashigawa JA, Katznelson S, Laks H, et al. Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1995;333:621-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199509073331003
  78. Youn JC, Nahm JH, Kang SM. Duodenal cancer after cardiac transplantation? Heart 2013;99:1304. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303983
  79. Kim SH, Ha YE, Youn JC, et al. Fatal scedosporiosis in multiple solid organ allografts transmitted from a nearly-drowned donor. Am J Transplant 2015;15:833-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13008
  80. Kobashigawa JA, Kiyosaki KK, Patel JK, et al. Benefit of immune monitoring in heart transplant patients using ATP production in activated lymphocytes. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:504-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.12.015
  81. Schaffer SA, Husain S, Delgado DH, Kavanaugh L, Ross HJ. Impact of adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine on cell-mediated rejection in heart transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2011;11:2751-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03743.x
  82. Dantal J, Soulillou JP. Immunosuppressive drugs and the risk of cancer after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1371-3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe058018
  83. Stallone G, Schena A, Infante B, et al. Sirolimus for Kaposi's sarcoma in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1317-23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042831
  84. Salgo R, Gossmann J, Schofer H, et al. Switch to a sirolimus-based immunosuppression in long-term renal transplant recipients: reduced rate of (pre-)malignancies and nonmelanoma skin cancer in a prospective, randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Am J Transplant 2010;10:1385-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02997.x
  85. Youn JC, Stehlik J, Wilk AR, et al. Temporal trends of de novo malignancy development after heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:40-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.077
  86. Williams K, Mansh M, Chin-Hong P, Singer J, Arron ST. Voriconazole-associated cutaneous malignancy: a literature review on photocarcinogenesis in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:997-1002. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit940
  87. Opelz G, Henderson R. Incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in kidney and heart transplant recipients. Lancet 1993;342:1514-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)80084-4
  88. Swinnen LJ, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Fisher SG, et al. Increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder after immunosuppression with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1723-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199012203232502
  89. Taylor AJ, Vaddadi G, Pfluger H, et al. Diagnostic performance of multisequential cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in acute cardiac allograft rejection. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:45-51. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp174
  90. Butler CR, Savu A, Bakal JA, et al. Correlation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging findings and endomyocardial biopsy results in patients undergoing screening for heart transplant rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015;34:643-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2014.12.020
  91. Lo YM, Tein MS, Pang CC, Yeung CK, Tong KL, Hjelm NM. Presence of donor-specific DNA in plasma of kidney and liver-transplant recipients. Lancet 1998;351:1329-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79055-3
  92. Beck J, Oellerich M, Schulz U, et al. Donor-derived cell-free DNA is a novel universal biomarker for allograft rejection in solid organ transplantation. Transplant Proc 2015;47:2400-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.08.035
  93. De Vlaminck I, Valantine HA, Snyder TM, et al. Circulating cell-free DNA enables noninvasive diagnosis of heart transplant rejection. Sci Transl Med 2014;6:241ra77. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3007803
  94. Fehr T, Sykes M. Clinical experience with mixed chimerism to induce transplantation tolerance. Transpl Int 2008;21:1118-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00783.x
  95. Leventhal JR, Elliott MJ, Yolcu ES, et al. Immune reconstitution/immunocompetence in recipients of kidney plus hematopoietic stem/facilitating cell transplants. Transplantation 2015;99:288-98. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000605
  96. Stehlik J, Kobashigawa J, Hunt SA, Reichenspurner H, Kirklin JK. Honoring 50 years of clinical heart transplantation in Circulation: in-depth state-of-the-art review. Circulation 2018;137:71-87. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029753
  97. Murthy R, Bajona P, Bhama JK, Cooper DK. Heart xenotransplantation: historical background, experimental progress, and clinical prospects. Ann Thorac Surg 2016;101:1605-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.10.017
  98. Kobashigawa JA. The future of heart transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012;12:2875-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04223.x
  99. Ekser B, Li P, Cooper DK. Xenotransplantation: past, present, and future. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017;22:513-21.

Cited by

  1. Use of Ventricular Assist Devices and Heart Transplantation for Advanced Heart Failure vol.124, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.119.313574
  2. Sustained Release of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) Encapsulated Polycaprolactone (PCL) Microspheres Promote Angiogenesis In Vivo vol.9, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9071037
  3. The Korean Organ Transplant Registry (KOTRY): Second Official Adult Heart Transplant Report vol.49, pp.8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2018.0392
  4. A Single-Center Experience of the Optimal Initial Immunosuppressive Strategy for Preventing Early Acute Cellular Rejection in Orthotopic Heart Transplantation Associated With Renal Dysfunction vol.29, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924819873908
  5. Antioxidant Solution in Combination with Angiotensin-(1-7) Provides Myocardial Protection in Langendorff-Perfused Rat Hearts vol.2020, pp.None, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2862631
  6. From biomimicry to bioelectronics: Smart materials for cardiac tissue engineering vol.13, pp.5, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2682-3
  7. Cardiac reinnervation influences exercise training outcomes in heart transplant patients vol.27, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319884374
  8. Intraoperative and Early Postoperative Management of Heart Transplantation: Anesthetic Implications vol.34, pp.8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2019.09.037
  9. Twenty‐eight‐year incidence and characteristics of post‐transplant skin cancers: Comparative analysis of past and recent 10‐year experience vol.47, pp.10, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15483
  10. Uniqueness of laryngeal nerve injury following heart transplantation vol.34, pp.11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14075
  11. Exercise training modalities for heart transplant recipients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol vol.10, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044975
  12. Treatment of Hypertension Because of Immunosuppressive Therapy After Solid Organ Transplantation-Pharmacological Approach vol.77, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1097/fjc.0000000000001009
  13. Initial clinical experience of heart transplantation in health care system of the Moscow region vol.14, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.17116/kardio202114031229
  14. Allograft or Recipient ST2 Deficiency Oppositely Affected Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy via Differentially Altering Immune Cells Infiltration vol.12, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.657803
  15. Long-term Survival After Heart Transplantation: A Population-based Nested Case-Control Study vol.111, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.163
  16. Impact of a Multidisciplinary Team Approach on Extracorporeal Circulatory Life Support-Bridged Heart Transplantation vol.54, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5090/jcs.20.115
  17. Post-transplant Management in Heart Transplant Recipients: New Drugs and Prophylactic Strategies vol.23, pp.8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-021-00933-2
  18. Bone-Marrow Stem Cells and Acellular Human Amniotic Membrane in a Rat Model of Heart Failure vol.11, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/life11090958
  19. CYP3A-status is associated with blood concentration and dose-requirement of tacrolimus in heart transplant recipients vol.11, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00942-y
  20. Hopes and Hurdles of Employing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis vol.22, pp.23, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313000
  21. Prognostic value of comprehensive intracoronary physiology assessment early after heart transplantation vol.42, pp.48, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab568
  22. Commentary: The anticlimax of the left ventricular assist devices-associated antibodies vol.163, pp.1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.06.090