Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Influence of phytochemical composition on in vitro antioxidant and reducing activities of Indian ginseng [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] root extracts

  • Ganguly, Bhaskar (Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology) ;
  • Kumar, Nirbhay (Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology) ;
  • Ahmad, Abul H. (Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology) ;
  • Rastogi, Sunil K. (Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology)
  • Received : 2017.02.18
  • Accepted : 2017.05.08
  • Published : 2018.10.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Roots of Withania somnifera (WS) are a celebrated medicinal ingredient in Ayurvedic and many other indigenous systems of medicine. The present study investigates the effect of the phytochemical composition of the extracts on their antioxidant and reducing activities. Methods: WS roots were extracted with water, acetone, aqueous methanol (1:1), and methanol:-chloroform:water (1:1:1) to obtain aqueous, acetone, hydro-methanolic, and methanol-chloroform-water extracts. Thereafter, phytochemical constitution and antioxidant and reducing activities of the extracts were compared using different qualitative and quantitative tests. Results: Maximum extraction recovery was obtained with 50% aqueous methanol whereas extraction with acetone yielded the poorest recovery. Methanol-chloroform-water extract had the highest content of phytochemical constituents, except tannins, and also exhibited the highest antioxidant and reducing activities. Conclusion: Phytochemical composition and antioxidant and reducing activities of the extracts were positively associated with the use of organic solvents during the extraction process. Alkaloids and flavonoids were the most important contributors in the antioxidant and reducing activities of the extracts.

Keywords

References

  1. Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Saminathan M, Dhama K, Singh SV. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): role in safeguarding health, immunomodulatory effects, combating infections, and therapeutic applications: a review. J Biol Sci 2014;14:77-94. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2014.77.94
  2. Khare CP. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). In: Encyclopedia of Indian medicinal plants. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2004. p. 480-3.
  3. Gupta GL, Rana AC. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): a review. Pharmacog Rev 2007;1:129-36.
  4. Weiner MA, Weiner J. Ashwagandha (India ginseng). In: Herbs that heal. Mill Valley: Quantum Books; 1994. p. 70-2.
  5. Dhanani T, Shah S, Gajbhiye NA, Kumar S. Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents, and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Arabian J Chem 2017;10(Suppl. 1):S1193-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.015
  6. Asvagandha. In: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Vol. I. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2009. p. 19-20.
  7. Dutta S, Dey P, Chaudhuri TK. Quantification and correlation of the bioactive phytochemicals of Croton bonplandianum leaves of subHimalayan region of West Bengal. Asian J Pharma Clin Res 2013;6(Suppl. 3):142-7.
  8. Determination of quantitative data of vegetable drugs. In: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol. I (Appendix 2). Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2009. p. 213-4.
  9. Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotech 2005;4:685-8. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3127
  10. Shabbir M, Khan MR, Saeed N. Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antilipid peroxidation, and antihemolytic activity of extract and various fractions of Maytenus royleanus leaves. BMC Comp Alt Med 2013;13, 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-143
  11. Pati PK, Sharma M, Salar RK, Sharma A, Gupta AP, Singh B. Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites. Ind J Micro 2008;48:432-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-008-0053-y
  12. Eloff JN. Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants? J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00123-2
  13. Ganguly B. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on growth kinetics of infectious bursal disease virus in chicken embryo fibroblast culture [Dissertation]. G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology; 2009.
  14. Cavalcanti de Amorim EL, de Almeida de Castro VTN, de Melo JG, Correa AJC, da Silva Peixoto Sobrinho TJ. Standard operating procedures (SOP) for the spectrophotometric determination of phenolic compounds contained in plant samples. In: Akyar I, editor. Latest research into quality control. InTech; 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51686.
  15. Alam N, Hossain M, Khalil MI, Moniruzzaman M, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH. Recent advances in elucidating the biological properties of Withania somnifera and its potential role in health benefits. Phytochem Rev 2012;11:97-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-011-9221-5
  16. Pal A, Naika M, Khanum F, Bawa AS. In vitro studies on the antioxidant assay profiling of Withania somnifera L. (Ashwagandha) Dunal root: Part 1. Pharmacog J 2011;3:47-55. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.20.10
  17. Shahriar M, Bahar ANM, Hossain MI, Akhter S, Haque MA, Bhuiyan MA. Preliminary phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of five different extracts of Withania somnifera root. Int J Pharm 2012;2:450-3.
  18. Fernando IDNS, Abeysinghe DC, Dharmadasa RM. Determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different parts of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal from three different growth stages. Ind Crops Products 2013;50:537-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.042
  19. Alam N, Hossain M, Khalil MI, Moniruzzaman M, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH. High catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. BMC Comp Alt Med 2011;11, 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-65
  20. Alam N, Hossain M, Mottalib MA, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH, Khalil MI. Methanolic extracts of Withania somnifera leaves, fruits, and roots possess antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities. BMC Comp Alt Med 2012;12, 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-S1-P175
  21. Udayakumar R, Kasthurirengan S, Vasudevan A, Mariashibu TS, Rayan JJS, Chang WC, Ganapathi A, Kim SC. Antioxidant effect of dietary supplement Withania somnifera L. Reduce blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Plant Foods Human Nutr 2010;65:91-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0146-8

Cited by

  1. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Examining the Hormonal and Vitality Effects of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ) in Aging, Overweight Males vol.13, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319835985
  2. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties vol.2020, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6792069
  3. Compound’s Pre-Screening of Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica Extracts vol.8, pp.9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2020.89007
  4. Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Health-Promoting Effects of Withania somnifera for Pharma-Food Industry Applications vol.2021, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8985179
  5. Withasomniferol D, a New Anti-Adipogenic Withanolide from the Roots of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) vol.14, pp.10, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14101017
  6. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants - Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) - vol.40, pp.1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1810778