Fire Science and Engineering (한국화재소방학회논문지)

Korean Institute of Fire Science and Engineering (한국화재소방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Heat Risk Assessment of Wood Coated with Boron/Silicone Sol

붕소/실리콘 졸로 도포된 목재의 열위험성 평가

  • Jin, Eui (Fire & Disaster Prevention Research Center, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Chung, Yeong-Jin (Department of Fire Protection Engineering, Kangwon National University)
  • 진의 (강원대학교 소방방재연구센터) ;
  • 정영진 (강원대학교 소방방재공학과)
  • Received : 2019.06.01
  • Accepted : 2019.06.14
  • Published : 2019.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was examined fire risk properties of wood specimen for the constructional interiors, especially focusing on the fire performance index (FPI) and the fire growth index (FGI) as heat hazard characteristics. Flame retardants were synthesized using boric acid, boronic acid and tetraethoxyorthosilicate. Heat release characteristics were measured by using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) and cypress was used. The external heat flux as fire intensity was maintained at 50 kW/㎡. The measured fire performance index (FPI) after burning was increased by 1.6 times for boric acid/silicone (BA/Si) sol, each 1.1 times for isobutylboronic acid/silicone (IBBA/Si) sol and phenylboronic acid/silicone (PBA/Si) sol compared with cypress. Fire risk by the fire performance index was increased BA/Si, IBBA/Si ≈ PBA/Si order. The fire growth index was decreased 94% for the BA/Si and 8% for the IBBA/Si sol, and was increased by 17% for the PBA/Si sol. Fire risk by the fire growth index was increased BA/Si, IBBA/Si, PBA/Si order. Overall fire risk was higher in the order of BA/Si < IBBA/Si < PBA/Si.

본 연구는 붕소/실리콘 화합물을 건축 내장재용 목재에 도포한 후 화재위험성을 열 위험성에대하여 화재성능지수와 화재성장지수를 중심으로 조사하였다. 화합물은 Boric acid와 Boronic acid 유도체를 Tetraethoxyorthosilicate와 반응시켜 합성하였다. 열방출 성질은 Cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1)를 사용하여 측정하였으며 편백나무를 사용하였다. 화재강도는 외부 열 유속(External heat flux)을 50 kW/㎡로 고정시켰다. 연소시킨 후 측정된 화재성능지수는 편백나무와 비교하여 Boric acid/silicone (BA/Si) sol이 1.6배, Isobutylboronic Acid/silicone 졸 (IBBA/Si)과 Phenyl boronic acid/silicone 졸 (PBA/Si)은 각각 1.1배 증가하였다. 화재성능지수에 의한 화재위험성은 BA/Si < IBBA/Si ≈ PBA/Si 순으로 증가하였다. 화재성장지수는 편백나무와 비교하여 BA/Si와 IBBA/Si는 각각 94%, 8% 감소하였고 PBA/Si는 17% 증가하였다. 화재성장지수에 의한 화재위험성은 BA/Si < IBBA/Si < PBA/Si 순으로 증가하였다. 화재위험성을 종합적으로 평가하면 BA/Si < IBBA/Si < PBA/Si 순으로 높았다.

Keywords

References

  1. Y. T. Liu, "Synthesis and Application of a Kind of Boron Based Environmental Protection Non-Halogen Flame Retardant", Master Thesis, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China (2016).
  2. Q. H. Zhang, W. Zhang, J. Huang, Y. Lai, T. Xing, G. Chen, W. Jin, H. Liu et al., "Flame Retardance and Thermal Stability of Wool Fabric Treated by Boron Containing Silica Sols", Materials and Design, Vol. 85, pp. 796-799 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.163
  3. A. E. Danks, S. R. Hall and Z. Schnepp, "The Evolution of 'Sol-Gel' Chemistry as a Technique for Materials Synthesis", Materials Horizons, Vol. 3, pp. 91-112 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5MH00260E
  4. Z. Altintas, E. Cakmakci, M. V. Kahraman, N. K. Apohan and A. Guungor, "Preparation of Photocurable Silica-Titania Hybrid Coatings by an Anhydrous Sol-Gel Process", Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, Vol. 58, pp. 612-618 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2435-6
  5. J. Alongi, C. Colleoni, G. Malucelli and G, Rosace, "Hybrid Phosphorus-Doped Silica Architectures Derived from a Multistep Sol-Gel Process for Improving Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Cotton Fabrics", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 97, No. 8, pp. 1334-1344 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.030
  6. J. L. Liu, C. S. Wang, Z. I. Jiang, Q. Wang and L. F. Li, "Preparation and Characterization of Water-Base Transeparent Flame Retardant Ceramic Coatings for Wood via Sol-Gel Method", Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 482-484, pp. 1085-1088 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.482-484.1085
  7. A. Castellano, C. Colleoni, G. Lacono, A. Mezzi, M. R. Plutino, G. Malucelli and G. Rosace, "Synthesis and Caracterization of a Phosphorus/ Nitrogen Based Sol -Gel Coating as a Novel Halogen- and Formaldehyde-Free Flame retardant Finishing for Cotton Fabric", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 162, pp. 148-159 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.006
  8. S. Yang, J. Wang, S. Huo, J. Wang and Y. Tang, "Synthesis of a Phosphorus/Nitrogen Containing Compound Based on Maleimide and Cyclotriphosphazene and Its Flameretardant Mechanism on Epoxy Resin", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 126, pp. 9-16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.01.011
  9. X. Wang, Y. Hu, L. Song, W. Xing, H. Lu, P. Lv and G. Jie, "Effect of a Triazine Ring Containing Charring Agent on Fre Retardancy and Thermal Degradation of Intumescent Fame Retardant Epoxy Resins", Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Vol. 22, pp. 2480-2487 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1788
  10. G. You, Z. Cheng, H. Peng and H. He, "The Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Phosphorus-Nitrogen Containing Fame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resins", Journal Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 131, pp. 1-10 (2014).
  11. M. Dogan and S. M. Unlu, "Flame Retardant Effect of Boron Compounds on Red Phosphorus Containing Epoxy Resins", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 99, pp. 12-17 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.017
  12. Y. Zhou, J. Feng, H. Peng, H. Qu and J. Hao, "Catalytic Pyrolysis and Fame Retardancy of Epoxy Resins with Solid Acid Boron Phosphate", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 110, pp. 395-404 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.10.009
  13. T. Zhang, W. Liu, M. Wang, P. Liu, Y. Pan and D. Liu, "Synthesis of a Boron/Nitrogen Containing Compound Based on Triazine and Boronic Acid and Its Flame Retardant Effect on Epoxy Resin", High Performance Polymers, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 513-523 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008316650929
  14. ISO 5660-1, "Reaction-to-Fire Tests-Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate-Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method) and Smoke Production Rate (Dynamic Measurement)", Genever, 2015.
  15. K. Izran, M. P. Koh, Y. E. Tan, F. Abood, A. Zaidon and P. Nordin, "Fire Resistance and Reaction-to-Fire of Shorea Macrophylla and Acacia Magnesium Particle Boards Treated with Boron and Phosphorous-Based Fire Retardants", Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 767-778 (2012).
  16. E. Terzi, S. N. Kartal, R. H. White, K. Shinoda and Y. Imamura, "Fire Performance and Decay Resistance of Solid Wood and Plywood Treated with Quaternary Ammonia Compounds and Common Fire Retardants", European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 41-51 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-009-0395-0
  17. N. Ayrilmis, Z. Candan and R. White, "Physical, Mechanical and Fire Properties of Oriented Standard Board with Fire Retardant Treated Veneers", Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff Vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 449-458 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-007-0195-3
  18. W. Wang, Z. Zhang, H. Chen, S. F. Zhang and J. Z. Li, "Synergistic Effect of Synthetic Zeolites on Flame Rretardant Wood-Flour/Propylene Composites", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 79, pp. 337-344 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.038
  19. W. Wang, W. Zhang, S. F. Zhang and J. Z. Li, "Preparation and Characterization of Microencasulated Ammonium Polyphosphate with UMF and Its Application in WPCs", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 65, pp. 151-158 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.106
  20. C. S. Chou, S. H. Lin and C. I. Wang, "Preparation and Chacterization of the Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating with a New Flame Retardant", Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 169-176 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2008.07.002
  21. C. S. Chuang, K. C. Tsai, M. K. Wang, C. C. Ou, V. H. Ko and I. L. Shiau, "Effects of Intumscent Formulation for Acrylic-Based Coating on Flame Retardancy of Painted Red Lauan (Parashorea Spp.) Thin Plywood", Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 593-607 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-008-0197-2
  22. J. E. Winandy, "Thermal Degradation of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood : Predicting Residual Service Life", Forest Product Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 47-54 (2001).
  23. D. T. Nguyen, D. E. Veinot and J. Foster, "Inorganic Intumscent Fire Protective Coatings", U.S. Patent No. 4,888,057, 19 Dec. 1989.
  24. W. Y. Su, T. Hata, K. Nishimia, Y. Imamura and S. Ishihara, "Improvement of Fire Retardancy of Plywood by Incoporating Boron or Phosphate Compounds in the Glue", Journal Wood Science, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 131-136 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00526258
  25. C. H. Lee, C. W. Lee, J. W. Kim, C. K. Suh and K. M. Kim, "Organic Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds, Manufacturing Method and Compositions of Flame Retardants containing Organic Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds", Korean Patent 2011-0034978 (2011).
  26. Q. H. Zhang, G. Q. Chen and T. L. Xing, "Silk Flame Retardant Finish by Ternary Silica Sol Containing Boron and Nitrogen", Applied Surface Science, Vol. 421, pp. 52-60 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.283
  27. U. S. Forest Service (USFS) "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material", U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA (1999).
  28. S. Sakaka and T. Yoko, "Fibers from Gels", Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 147&148, pp. 394-403 (1992).
  29. S. Sakka and K. Kamiya, "Glasses from Metal Alcoholates", Journal Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 42, p. 403 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(80)90040-X
  30. E. Hedberg, A. Kristensson, M. Ohlsson, C. Johansson, P. A. Johansson, E. Swietlicki, V. Versely, U. Wideqvist et al. Chemical and Physical Characterization of Emissions from Burch Wood Combustion in a Wood Stove, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, No. 30, pp. 4823-4837 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00417-X
  31. F. M. Pearce, Y. P. Khanna and D. Raucher, "Thermal Analysis in Polymer Flammability, Chap. 8. In : Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials", Academic Press, New York, USA (1981).
  32. M. Sacristan, T. R. Hull, A. A. Stec, J. C. Ronda, M. Galia and V. Cadiz, "Cone Calorimetry Studies of Fire Retardant Soybean-Oil-Based Copolymers Containing Silicon or Boron : Comparison of Additive and Reactive Approaches", Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 95, No. 7, pp. 1269-1274 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.015
  33. Q. Wang, J. Li and J. Winandy, "Chemical Mechanism of Fire Retardance of Boric Acid on Wood", Wood. Science and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 375-89 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-004-0246-4
  34. J. Gray, G. J. Duggan, S. J. Grayson and S. Kummar, "New Fire Classifications and Fire Test Methods for the European Railway Industry", Interscience Communications Ltd., UK (2015).
  35. J. S. Bermejo, L. G. Rovira and R. Fernandez, "Fire-Retardant Performance of Intumescent Coatings Using Halloysites as a novel Fire-Retardant Additive", Jacobs Journal Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-9 (2015).
  36. S. Fang, Y. Hu, L. Song, J. Zhan and Q. He, "Mechanical Properties, Fire Performance and Thermal Stability of Magnesium Hydroxide Sulfate Hydrate Whiskers Flame Retardant Silicone Rubber", J. Material Science, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 1057-1062 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-2241-2
  37. B. Wang, Q. Tang, N. Hong, L. Song, L. Wang, Y. Shi and Y. Hu, "Effect of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate on the Flame Retardancy, Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer/Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate/Polyamide-6 Blends", ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 3754-3761 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/am200940z
  38. C. Jiao, X. Chen and J. Zhang, "Synergistic Effects of Fe2O3 with Layered Double Hydroxides in EVA/LDH Composites", Fire Science & Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 465-479 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904109102033
  39. M. H. Park and Y. J. Chung, "Combustive Properties of Pinus rigida Plates Painted with Alkylenediaminoalkyl-Bis-Phosphonic Acid Salts (Mn+)", Fire Science & Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 28-34 (2014). https://doi.org/10.7731/KIFSE.2014.28.6.028