Journal of Digital Convergence (디지털융복합연구)

The Society of Digital Policy and Management (한국디지털정책학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Influences of the Elderly Contact Experience and Aging Knowledge on the Elderly Discrimination Recognition Using the Empathy Ability

대학생의 노인접촉경험과 노화지식이 공감능력을 매개변수로 노인차별인식에 미치는 영향관계에 관한 연구

  • Received : 2019.10.16
  • Accepted : 2020.01.20
  • Published : 2020.01.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of empathy in relation to contact experience of the elderly and their knowledge level of ageing. For this study data was collected from 20th Dec. to 30th of Dec. 2018 355 university students from D university in J. province were surveyed. Data was analysis by using reliability test, correlation analysis, hierarchical multiful regression analysis. The statistical significance of the mediating effects was confirmed by Sobel's verification. The results of the analysis showed that the partial mediation effect of empathy was verified with regard to the relationship between elderly contact experience and discrimination of elderly people. In addition, the partial mediation effect of empathy was verified between level of aging knowledge and the perception of elderly discrimination. The results of this study confirmed the necessity of developing practical education and training programs to improve the level of aging knowledge and to increase contact experience with elderly people. There is also a need to enhance empathy in order to improve the awareness of discrimination against elderly people in health and welfare departments among university students.

본 연구의 목적은 대학생의 노인접촉경험과 노화지식이 노인차별인식에 영향을 주는 관계에서 공감능력의 매개 효과를 검정하고자 하였다. 연구목적을 위해 2018년 12월 20일~30일까지 J도 D대학 학생 355명에게 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 사용하여 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계 분석, 위계적 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 매개효과의 통계적 유의성은 Sobel의 검증을 통해 확인하였다. 분석결과 노인접촉경험과 노인차별인식의 영향 관계에서 공감능력의 부분매개효과가 검증되었다. 또한 노화지식과 노인차별인식 간에도 공감능력의 부분매개효과가 검증되었다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 통해 대학생의 노인차별인식을 개선하기 위해서 노화지식 함양과 노인 접촉경험을 확장하고 공감능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 실질적인 교육 및 훈련프로그램 개발의 필요성을 확인하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. ONS(Offices for National Statistics). (2015). http://mentalhealthdaily.com2014/07/23/15commoncauses-of-suicide-why-do-people -kill-themselves/
  2. R. N. Butler. (1969). Ageism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9(4, Pt.1), 243-246. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243
  3. T. D. Nelson. (2005). Ageism: Prejudices against our feared future self. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 207-221. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x
  4. WHO. (2018). A global campaign to combat ageism. Bullentin World Health Organ. 299-300. DOI: 10.2471%2FBLT.17.202424
  5. RSPH(Royal Society for Public Health). (2018). That age old question; How attitudes to ageing affect our health and wellbeing, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. DOI: https://www.rsph.org.uk/uploads/assets/uploaded/010d3159-0d36-4707-aee54e29047c8e3a.pdf
  6. S. K. Whitbourne, J. R. Sneed & K. M. Skultety. (2002). I dentity processes in adulthood: Theoretical and methodological challenges. An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 29-45. DOI: 10.1207/S1532706XID0201_03
  7. G. Robertson. (2017). Ageing and ageism: the impact of stereotypical attitudes on personal health and well-being outcomes and possible personal compensation strategy. Self & Society. An International Journal for Humanistic Psychology, 45, 2149-159. DOI: 10.1080/03060497.2017.1334986
  8. W. Kim. (2003). An Exploratory Study on Ageism Experienced by the Elderly and Its Related Factors. Journal of the Korea Geronological society, 23(2), 21-35.
  9. Y. H. Won. (2005). Experiences of Elderly Discriminations and Psychological Well-being of the Elderly. Social Welfare Policy, 21, 319-339 .
  10. J. N. Yang, E. J. Choi, M. H. Lee, Y. Kim & N. H. Kim. (2018). A Study on the Relationship between Perceived Discrimination of the Elderly and Suicidal Ideation: Focused on the Moderating Effect of Social Support. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 73(3), 215-239. https://doi.org/10.21194/kjgsw.73.3.201809.215
  11. K. H. Kim, S. P. Yook. (2013). The effects of ageism for the elderly experience on suicide behavior: Mediating effects of ego-resilience. The Korean Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2(2), 131-151.
  12. L. M. Smith, C. D. Bergeron, C. Cowart, S. N. Ahn, Jr. S. D. Towne, M. G. Ory, M. A. Menn and J. Chaney. (2017). Factors associated with ageist attitudes among college students. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 17(10), 1698-1706. DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12894
  13. K. Ayalon. (2014). Perceived age, gender, and racial/ethnic discrimination in Europe; Result from the European society survey. Educational Gerontology, 40(7), 499-517. DOI: 10.1080/03601277.2013.845490
  14. E. Palmore. (1999). Ageism; Negative and Positive. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  15. D. Abrams, P. S. Russell, C-M. Vauclair & H. J. Swift. (2011). Ageism in Europe: Findings from the European social survey. Technical report AgeUK. URI: https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/29733
  16. D. Vilmaz, S. Kisa & S. Zeyneloglu. (2012) University Students' Views and Practices of Ageism. Ageing International, 37, 143-154. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12126-010-9097-5
  17. I. Rippon, Zaninotto and Steptoe. (2015). Greater Perceived Age Discrimination in England than the United State: Result from HRS and ELSA. The Gerontological Society of America, 70(6), 926-933. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbv040
  18. C. B. Holroyd, O. E. Krgolson, R. Baker, S. Lee and J. Gibson. (2009). When is an error not a prediction error? An electrophysiological investigation.. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(1), 59-70. DOI: 10.3758/CABN.9.1.59
  19. D. Dobbs, J. K. Eckert, B. Rubinstein, L. Keimig, L. Clark, A. C. Frankowski & S. Zimmerman. (2008). An ethnographic study of stigma and ageism in residential care or assisted living. The Gerontologist, 48(4), 517-526. DOI: 10.1093/geront/48.4.517
  20. S. McGuire, D. A. Klein & S. L. Chen. (2008). Ageism Revisited: A Study Measuring Ageism in East Tennessee, USA. Nursing and Health Science, 10(1), 11-16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00336.x
  21. S. R. Levy & J. L. Macdonald. (2016). Progress on Understanding Ageism. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 5-25. DOI: 10.1111/josi.12153
  22. National Human Rights Commission. (2006). A Survey on the Social Discrimination of the Elderly.
  23. E. J. Ji. (2018). A Study on the Actual Condition of Ageism in Korea-Focusing on Labor Market. Korea Elderly Human Resource Development Institute, Basic-17-07.
  24. Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2018. 02. 09) "We will provide quality elderly employment support in accordance with systematic competency evaluation: 2018-2022 Announcement of the second comprehensive plan for seniors' employment and social activities", (Encore Life Plan). 2018. 02. 09. Press Release.
  25. Cooperation with related ministries. (2017. 08. 09). The government's first plan to build a new middle-aged-life three-faced "plan" 2017. 08. 09. Press release
  26. L. Y. Zhou. (2007). What college students know about older adults: a cross-cultural qualitative study. Educational Gerontology, 33(10), 811-31. DOI: 10.1080/03601270701364545
  27. V. D. Yilmaz & F. Terzioglu. (2009). YasliAyrimciligi ve Hemsirelik(Ageism and Nursing: Review). Turkiye Klinikleri Hemsirelik Bilimleri Dergisi.
  28. S. O. Kang. (2013). The Impacts of the Middle Aged's Perception of Successful Aging and Attitudes toward Older Persons on Preparation for Old Age, Master's Thesis. Department of the Elderly Social Welfare The Graduate School of Venture Hoseo University.
  29. B. Lou, Z. Kui, E. J. Jin, A. Newman & J. Liang. (2013). Ageism among College Students: A Comparative Study between U.S. and China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 28(1), 49-63. DOI: 10.1007/s10823-013-9186-5
  30. K. E. Kim. (2012). Counseling Graduate Students' Attitude toward the Elderly and Willingness to Provide Counseling for the Elderly. Master's Thesis. Korea Counseling Graduate University.
  31. J. H. Son. (2017). The Effects of College Students' Contact with Elderly and Empathy on Prejudice towards the Elderly. Master's Thesis. Graduate School, Catholic University of Daegu.
  32. D. A. Jansen & M. A. Morese. (2004). Positively influencing student nurses attitudes toward caring for elders. Gerontology & Education, 25(2), 1-14. DOI: 10.1300/J021v25n02_01
  33. D. J. Van Dussen & R. R. Weaver. (2009). Undergraduate students’ perception and behaviors related to the aged and to aging process. Educational Gerontology, 35(4), 342-357. DOI: 10.1080/03601270802612255
  34. H. G. Shin. (2012). Effects of the elderly’s ageism experience on suicidal thought and mediating effect of hopelessness and depression. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 56, 191-215. DOI: 10.21194/kjgsw..56.201206.191
  35. B. J. Yeon, W. H. Kim & K. A. Yoon. (2005). Depression, suicidal thoughts and the buffering effect of social support among the elderly. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 25(3), 59-73. UCI : G704-000573.2005.25.3.008
  36. M. H. Kim. (2013). The Influence of elderly contact on attitude towards elderly of undergraduate : mediating effect of aging anxiety. The Korean Psychological Association Annual Proceedings, 1, 332-333.
  37. H. K. Lee. (2016). The Influence of Knowledge about Aging and Elderly Contact on Ageism of Early Adulthood : Mediating Effect of Aging Anxiety. Master's Thesis. The Graduate School of Seoul Women's University.
  38. H. S. Chang. (2015). A Study on Ageism of undergraduate students in Korea and Japan. Doctoral dissertation. The Graduate School Hanseo University.
  39. H. J. Yang, H. J. Kim & E. K. Byun. (2017). Factors influencing empathy for the elderly in nursing student. Journal of the Korean Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 17(5), 86-94. DOI: 10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.5.86
  40. N. R. Cottle & R. J. Glover. (2007). Combating ageism: Changing students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding ageing. Educational Gerontology, 33(6), 501-512. DOI: 10.1080/03601270701328318
  41. M. J. Edwards & I. R. Aldous. (1996). Attitudes to and knowledge about elderly people: A comparative analysis of students of medicine, English and Computer Science and their teachers. Medical Education, 30(3), 221-225. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1996.tb00746.x
  42. J. R. Han. (2000). Undergraduate students’ attitude toward elderly. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 20(3), 115-127.
  43. E. J. Song. (2004). Nurses and nursing students’ knowledge and attitudes towards the elderly. Nursing Science, 16(2), 12-19.
  44. S. M. Kwon, M. S. Kwan and O. G. Kwag. (2015). Factors influencing the perception of the elderly in nursing students. Journal of the Korean Academic-Industrial cooperation Society, 16(2), 1129-1136. DOI: 10.5762/KAIS.2015.16.2.1129
  45. J. H. Kim and J. Han. (2012). The comparisons of Strategies Combating Ageism among Korea, Japan and US. Korean Journal of Sociology, 46(3), 93-113. DOI: http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId= NODE01894881
  46. A. Caspi. (1984). Contact hypothesis and Inter-Age attitudes: A field study of across-age contact. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47(1), 47-80. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/3033890
  47. G. W. Allport. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Reading, MA: Addision-Wesley, p. 537.
  48. H. J. Lee & H. J. Bang. (2012). The Differences of Explicit and Implicit Attitudes toward Older People in College Students and Older People. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 18(2), 191-213.
  49. L. J. Allen & J. A. Johnson. (2008). Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly; The role of knowledge, contact and ageing anxiety. Educational Gerontology, 35(1), 10-14. DOI: 10.1080/03601270802299780
  50. A. L. Marte. (1988). How does it feel to be old? Simulation game provides into aging experience. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 19(4), 166-168. DOI: 10.3928/0022-0124-19880701-06
  51. E. L. La Monica. (1981). Construct validity of an empathy instrument. Research in nursing and health, 4(4), 389-440. DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770040406
  52. M. S. Chung. (2014). Relations on Self-esteem, Empathy and Interpersonal Relationship for Reinforcing Competence in Communication or Nursing Students. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 20(2), 332-340. DOI: 10.5977/jkasne.2014.20.2.332
  53. A. D. Galinsky. (1999). Perspective-taking: Debiasing social thought(stereotyping), Princeton University press.
  54. S. Gholamzadeth, M. Khastavaneh, Z. Khademian & S. Ghadakpour. (2018). The effects of empathy skills training on nursing students' empathy and attitudes toward elderly people. Journal of BMC Medical Education, 18, Article number: 198 . DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1297-9
  55. H. S. Jung. (2012). Influencing factor on nursing students' attitude to the elderly. Journal of the Korea Data Analysis Society, 14(4B), 2025-2037.
  56. T. Strandberg, J. Eklund & J. Manthorpe. (2012). Promoting empathy in social care for older people. Working with older people, 16(3), 101-110. DOI: 10.1108/13663661211260781
  57. A. Officer & V. L. Fuente-Nunez. (2018). A Global campaign to combat ageism. Bullentin World Health Organ, Apr 1; 96(4): 295-296. DOI: 10.2471%2FBLT.17.202424 https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.202424
  58. W. A. Achenbaum. (2005). Ageing and changing: International historical perspectives on ageing. In M. L. Johnson (Ed.), Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing (21-29). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  59. A. Boduroglu, C. Yoon, T. Luo & D. C. Park. (2006). Age-Related Stereotypes: A Comparison of American and Chinese Cultures. Gerontology, 52, 324-333. DOI: 10.1159/000094614
  60. H. S. Lee & C. M. Kim. (2016). Structural Equation Modelling to Assess Discriminations, Stress, Social Support, and Depression among the Elderly Women in South Korea. Asian Nursing Research, 10(3), 182-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2016.06.003
  61. H. Giles, J. Fortman, J. Honeycutt & H. Ota. (2003). Future selves and others: A lifespan and cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Communication Reports, 16(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1080/08934210309384486
  62. J. H. Seomun. (2013). The Effect of Experiences of social Work Practicum and Volunteering on Social Workers’ Attitude toward The Elderly. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Education, 22, 114-136.
  63. Y. S. Lim, J. S. Kim & K. S. Kim. (2002). Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes toward the Elderly. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 22(1), 31-46.
  64. J. Y. Kim. (2015). The perceived threat to elderly group on ageist behavior: Focusing on mediation effect of emotions. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Psychology The Graduate School, Seoul National University.
  65. S, Y. Kim, T. H. Sohn, S. J, Chang & K. J. Moon. (2016). A Study on the Effectiveness of the Gerontological Education for College Students. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 71(1), 53-84.
  66. L. K. Schwartze & J. P. Simmons. (2001). Contact quality and attitudes toward the elderly. Educational Gerontology, 27(2), 127-137. DOI: 10.1080/03601270151075525
  67. S. H. Jung & E. H. Kim. (2013). Image toward the elderly among dental hygine students in Gangwon province. Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene, 13(6), 1071-1077. DOI: 10.13065/jksdh.2013.13.06.1071
  68. M. Fishbein. and I. Ajen. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour; An Introduction to Theory and Research, Reading, MA Addison-Wesley.
  69. A. M. O'Hanlon , C. J. Camp & H. J. Osofsky, (1993). Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Aging in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older College Students: A Comparison two measures of knowledge of ageing. Journal of Educational Gerontology, 19(8), 753-766. DOI: 10.1080/0360127930190806
  70. C. Andreoletti, J. P. Leszczynski & W. B. Disch. (2015). Gender, race, and age: The content of compound stereotypes across the lifespan. The international Journal of Aging & Human Development, 81(1-2), 27-53. DOI: 10.1177%2F0091415015616395 https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415015616395
  71. B. Funderburk, J. Damron-Rodriguez, L. L. Storms & D. H. Solomon. (2006). Endurance of undergraduate attitudes toward older adults. Educational Gerontology, 32(6), 447-462. DOI: 10.1080/03601270600685651
  72. M. S. Kwon, G. Y. Noh & J. H. Jang. (2013). University Students' Images, Knowledge, and Stereotypes plus Perceptions about the Elderly. Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing, 27(3), 633-646. https://doi.org/10.5932/JKPHN.2013.27.3.633
  73. S. H. Park. (2004). Sympathy, Press Hagjisa: Seoul.
  74. M. E. Campbel. (1971). Study on the attitudes of nursing personal toward geriatric patient. Nursing Research, 20(2), 147-150.
  75. G. Labouvie-Vief, D. Gruhn & H. Mouras. (2009). Dynamic emotion cognition interactions in development: Arousal, stress, and the processing of affect, In H. B. Bosworth & C. Hertzog (Eds.), Decade of Behavior (2000-2010). Aging and cognition: Research methodologies and empirical advances (p.181-196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/11882-009
  76. H. K. Yang, K. Y. Ohk, K. W. Park & S. H. Joo. (2015). Does Empathy Mediate Consumer Attitude Toward the National Health Insurance of Korea?. Journal of Consumer Studies, 26(2), 119-141.
  77. C. D. Batson and N. Y. Ahmad. (2009), Using empathy to improve intergup attitudes and relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3(1), 141-177. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01013.x
  78. J. M. Kanov, S. Maitlis, M. C. Worline, J. E. Dutton, P. J. Frost and J. M. Lilius. (2004). Compassion in Organizational Life. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 808-827. DOI: 10.1177%2F0002764203260211 https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260211
  79. L. Carol & R. N. Elaine (1979). Empothic communication and its effect on client outcome. Issues in mental health nursing, 2(1), 15-26. DOI: 10.3109/01612847909058196
  80. S. Lelorain, A. Bredart, S. Dolbeault & S. Sultan. (2012). A Systematics review of the associations between empathy measures in patient’s outcomes in cancer care. Psycho-Onclology, 21(12), 1255-1264. DOI: 10.1002/pon.2115
  81. C. D. Batson, J. Chang, R. Orr & J. Rowland. (2002), Empathy, attitudes and action: Can feeling for a member of stigmatized group motive one to help the group?. Personality psychology bulletin, 28(12), 1656-66. DOI: 10.1177%2F014616702237647 https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237647
  82. Y. S, Bergman, E. Bodner & S. Cohen-Fridel, S.(2013), Cross-cultural ageism; ageism and attitudes toward aging among Jews and Arabs in Israel. International Psychogeriatric, 25(1), 6-15. DOI: 10.1017/S1041610212001548
  83. S. Astrom, M. Nilsson, A. Norberg, P.-O. Sandman & B. Winblad. (1991). Staff burn out in dementia care- Relations to empathy and attitudes. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 28(1), 65-75. DOI: 10.1016/0020-7489(91)90051-4
  84. D. S. Son. (2010). A Study on the Influence Factors the Attitude toward Human Rights of Certified Care givers. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare. 48, 259-322.
  85. Y. H. Won. (2003). Factors Affecting Elderly Prejudice. Korean Academy of Social Welfare Conference, pp. 275-296.
  86. J. H. Jung. (2015). The Effect of Caregiver's Attitude on Service Quality for the Elderly-Focused on the moderating effects or empathy ability. Master's Thesis. Dept. of Public Administration Pusan National University.
  87. S. Y. Hwang, J. S. Kang & H. J. Kang. (2017). The Effects of Social Dominance Orientation on Attitudes toward The Social Weak: Moderating Effects of Empathy. Locality and Globality: Korean Journal of Social Sciences, 41(3), 181-206. https://doi.org/10.33071/ssricb.41.3.201712.181
  88. A. D. Galinsky, G. Ku & C. S. Wang. (2005). Perspective-taking & self-other overlap: Fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(2), 109-124. DOI: 10.1177%2F1368430205051060 https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430205051060
  89. S. H. Park & W. C. Jeong. (2017). Mediating effects of empathy on the relationship between experience of perpetrator and the conformity in the bullying. Journal of School Social Work, 40, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.20993/jSSW.40.1
  90. M. Fraboni, R. Saltstone & S. Hughes. (1990). The Fraboni Scale of Ageism(FSA): An attempt at a more precise measure of ageism. Canadian Journal on Aging, 9(1), 56-66. DOI: 10.1017/S0714980800016093
  91. E. B. Palmore. (1998). The Facts on Aging Quiz(2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
  92. P. Hutchison, E. Fox, A. M. Laas, J. Matharu & S. Urzi. (2010). Anxiety, outcome expectancies, and young people's willingness to engage in contact with the elderly. Educational Gerontology, 36(10-11), 1008-1021. DOI: 10.1080/03601271003723586
  93. J. Y. Kim, M. H. Kim & K. H. Min. (2012). Validation of the Korean Version of the Fraboni Ageism Scale(FSA): A Study of Korean University Students. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 26(4), 89-106.
  94. S. Baron-Cohen & S. Wheelwright. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 34, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
  95. A. Wakabayashi, S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, N. Goldenfeld, J. Delaney, D. Fine et al. (2006) Development of short forms of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-Short) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ-Short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 929-940. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.017
  96. J. Y. Yeo. (2012). Validation of the Korean Version of the Empathy Quotient-Short form. Korea Academy Industrial Cooperation Society, 13(11), 5356-5363. DOI: 10.5762/KAIS.2012.13.11.5356
  97. R. M. Baron & D. A. Kenny. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  98. L. Drury, P. Hutchison & D. Arbams. (2016). Direct and extended intergenerational contact and young people’s attitudes towards older adults. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55, 522-543. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12146
  99. D. J. Gierveld, P. A. Dykstra & N. Schenk. (2012). Living arrangements, intergenerational support types and older adult loneliness in Eastern and Western Europe. Demographic Research, 27(7), 167-200. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.7
  100. P. A. Crawford. (2015). Focus on elementary: Rock of age: Developing healthy perspective ageing in the elementary grade. Child hood Education, 91(5), 395-401. DOI: 10.1080/00094056.2015.1090858
  101. S. N. Jeon & H. G. Shin. (2009). The Effects of Perceived Health and Ageism Experience on Successful Aging. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 29(4), 1383-1396.
  102. W. H. Moon, M. J. Kwon & Y. H, Kim. (2016). Converging Influence of Empathy and Prejudice against Mental Illness on Discriminatory Behavior toward the Mentally Illness Patients in the Nursing Students. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 7(6), 81-88. DOI: 10.15207/JKCS.2016.7.6.081
  103. R. I. Hwang & I. A. Kim. (2019). Long-term care Employment Intention of Elderly Nursing College Students. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 10(6), 401-409. DOI: 10.15207/JKCS.2019.10.6.401
  104. S. H. Ko. (2019). The Effect of Compassion on Job Performance: Focusing on the Creating Research Model through Qualitative Research. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology. 9(6), 65-74. DOI: 10.22156/CS4SMB.2019.9.6.065
  105. S. Y. Park. (2017). Convergence study on the influence of dental hygiene student supporting awareness in their empathy about elderly. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology. 7(5), 25-30. DOI: 10.22156/CS4SMB.2017.7.5.025