Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

A Study on the Nutrient Intakes and Zinc Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Ulsan

울산지역 유치원 어린이의 <한국인영양섭취기준>에 의한 영양소섭취 실태 및 아연영양 상태에 관한 연구

  • Published : 2007.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the zinc status of preschool children in Ulsan. The study was conducted in 95 children aged 3 to 6 years by investigating the anthropometric indices and assessing the biochemical analysis. The blood was analysed to assess serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase. And a questionnaire for dietary intakes using 24-hr recall method were performed by mothers of 95 subjects. The dietary intakes of children were analysed to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes of zinc with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). WHL (Weight-Length Index) and Kaup index were used to define obesity. The overall prevalence of overweight and obese subjects were 14.7% and 6.3% by WHL, were 15.8% and 13.7% by Kaup index. The mean intakes of zinc by children aged 3${\sim}$5y and 6y were 5.5 ${\pm}$ 1.4 mg/d (75.7% RDA) and 6.7 ${\pm}$ 2.0 mg/d, respectively, that was the level exceeding the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended intake (RI) of Korean Dietary Reference Intakes. Less than 1.3% and 7.9% of children had usual zinc intakes below EAR and RI of KDRIs, respectively. The percentages of children with intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) were 2.6%. The zinc nutritional status by biological assay was found that mean serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of total subjects were 64.0 ${\pm}$ 8.4 ${\mu}$g/dl and 72.8 ${\pm}$ 14.9 U/L, there was not a significant difference between boys and girls. The range of serum zinc level was 45${\sim}$89 ${\mu}$g/dl and children with a low serum zinc concentration by several cut-off points were 18.9${\sim}$55.8%, especially. Serum zinc level was positively correlated to the intakes of calorie, calcium, fiber, iron, zinc, zinc/kg and height (p<0.001). Serum ALP was positively correlated height, weight and WLI. The zinc intake of children aiso showed a positive correlation with height and weight. These results indicate that there were significant correlations between the zinc status and growth of preschool children. Preschool children in Ulsan have dietary zinc intakes that exceed the new DRIs. The present level of intake does not seem to pose a health problem, but if zinc intakes with fortified foods and supplements were considered, the amount of zinc consumed by children may become excessive.

Keywords

References

  1. Oh SY. Micronutrient intake and growth of Korean children. J Kor Diet Asso 1995; 5(2): 231-237
  2. Lim HJ. A study on the zinc intake and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan. Korean J Nutr 2003; 36(9): 950- 959
  3. Choi MK, Bae YJ, Sung CJ. The relation among bone mineral density, Ca and Mg contents in hair and nail and Nutrient intakes of preschool children in Chungnam district. Korean J Nutr 2005; 38(7): 544-552
  4. Kim HS, Lee HO. Survey on nutritional status of preschool children in Asan measured by anthropometric and nutrient intake analysis. J Kor Diet Asso 2005; 11(1): 114-124
  5. Kang KJ. A study on food habits, nutrient intakes and nutritional quality of preschool children in Seoul. Kor J Comm Nutr 2005; 10(4): 471-483
  6. Jackson MJ. Physiology of zinc: general aspects. In: Mills CF, ed. Zinc in human biology. springer-Verlag, New York; 1989. p.1-14
  7. Chester JK. Biochemistry of zinc in cell division and tissue growth. In: Mills CF ed. Zinc in Human Biology. Lodon: Springer-Verlag; 1989
  8. Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. Nutrition intervention strategies to combat zinc deficiency in developing countries. Nutr Res Rev 1998; 10: 1-18
  9. Castillo-Duran C, Vial P, Uauy R. Trace mineral balance during acute diarrhea in infants. J Pediatr 1988; 113: 452-457 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80627-9
  10. MacDonald RS. The role of zinc growth and cell proliferation. J Nutr 2000; 130: 1500S-1508S
  11. Janet CK. Assessment of zinc status. J Nutr 1990; 120: 1474-1479 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.suppl_11.1474
  12. Brown KH, Peerson JM, Allen LH. Effect of zinc supplementation on children's growth: a meta-analysis of intervention trials. Bibl Nutr Dieta 1998; 54: 76-83
  13. Adriana PRS, Marcia RV, Luis FZ, Carlos FSC. Effects of zinc supplementation on 1- to 5-year old children. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2006; 82(3): 227-231 https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1480
  14. Penny ME, Marin RM, Duran A, Peerson JM, Lanata CF, Lönnerdal B, Black RE, Brown KH. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of daily supplementation with zinc or multiple micronutrients on the morbidity, growth, and micronutrient status of young Peruvian children. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 457-465 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.3.457
  15. Kye SH, Park KD. A survey on nutritional status and anthropometry of preschool children in orphanage. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 1993; 22(5): 552-558
  16. Lee JS. A comparative study on the dietary attitudes and nutritional status of preschool children in different income levels in Busan. Kor J Comm Nutr 2006; 11(2): 161-171
  17. Choi MJ, Jung YS. The status of eating habits and nutrient intakes of preschool children in Kyungjoo. Kor J Comm Nutr 2006; 11(1): 3-13
  18. Lee WM, Pang HA. A study on the preference and food behavior of the children in primary school food service II. J Kor Dietetic Assoc 1996; 2(1): 69-80
  19. Yim KS, Yoon EY, Kim KT, Kim CI, Mo SM, Choi HM. Eating behavior, obesity and serum lipid levels in children. Korean J Nutr 1993; 26(1): 56-66
  20. Yang IS, Kim EK, Chai IS. The development and effect-evaluation of nutrition education program for preschool children and child-care centers. Korean J Nutr 1995;28(1): 61-70
  21. Ahn HS, Lim HJ. Analysis of factors associated with the preschool children's nutrition awareness and involvement in foodrelated activities. Kor J Dietary Culture 1994; 9(3): 311-321
  22. Kim KA, Shim YH. Cognitive performance and hyperactivity in terms of eating behavior and physical growth among preschoolers- 1. A survey on eating behavior of preschoolers-. Kor J Dietary Culture 1995; 10(4): 255-268
  23. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. The Korean Nutrition Society; 2005
  24. Body growth standard values of Korean pediatrics in 1998, Korean Society of Pediatrics; 1999
  25. Choi MJ, Yoon JS. The effect of eating habits and nutrient intake on the physical growth indices in preschool children. Kor J Commu Nutr 2003; 8(1): 3-14
  26. Lee JW, Lee MS, Kim JH, Son SM, Lee BS. Nutritional Assessment. Kyomunsa, Seoul; 2001. p.109
  27. Shin KO, Yoo YY, Park HS. Study on the eating habits and growth development in Korean preschool children. Kor Nutr Soc 2005; 38(6): 455-464
  28. Kim MK, Kim HJ, Kim YO, Lee JH, Lee WC. Overweight among preschool children in Seoul: prevalence and associated factors. Kor J Commu Nutr 2001; 6(2): 121-129
  29. Sin EK, Lee YK. Health status by anthropometric values and serum biochemical indices of preschool children in day-care centers in Gume. Kor J Commu Nutr 2005; 10(3): 253-263
  30. Chung HK. Evaluation of nutrition status onn the basis of orphan home children's anthropometry. Kor J Dietary Culture 1991; 6(4): 413-419
  31. Lee NS, Im YS, Kim BR. The study on the food habits and preferences of elementary school children. Kor J Comm Nutr 1997; 2(2): 187-196
  32. Arsenault JE, Brown KH. Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new dietary reference intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 1011-1017 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.5.1011
  33. Son SM, Park SH. Nutritional status of iron, zinc and copper of preschool children residing in low-income area of Seoul. J Commu Nutr 1999; 1(1): 3-9
  34. Hotz C, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status: reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (1976-1980). Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 756-764
  35. Bahl R, Bhandari N, Hambidge KM, Bahn MK. Plasma zinc as a predictor of diarrheal and respiratory morbidity in children in an urban slum setting. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68(suppl): 414S-7S
  36. Pilch SM, Senti FR. Assessment of the zinc nutritional status of the U. S. population based on data collected in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980 Bethesda MD: Life Science. research Office, federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology;1984
  37. Weismann K, Hoyer H. Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum zinc levels in the diagnosis and exclusion of zinc deficiency in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41: 1214-1219 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/41.6.1214
  38. Allen LH. Zinc and micronutrient supplements for children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 495-498 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.495S
  39. Brown KH, Peerson Jm, Rivera J, Allen LH. Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 1062-1071 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1062