Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science (한국약용작물학회지)

The Korean Society of Medicinal Crop Science (한국약용작물학회)
권호 표지

Changes of Chemical Compositions and Ginsenoside Contents of Different Root Parts of Ginsengs with Processing Method

인삼의 가공방법에 따른 일반성분 및 Ginsenoside 함량 변화

  • Received : 2009.12.24
  • Accepted : 2010.03.26
  • Published : 2010.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine changes in general chemical composition, free sugars, physicochemical properties of extract, and ginsenoside contents depending upon processing methods. Ginseng roots harvested from the same field were employed for the processing into white ginseng (WG), taegeuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng A (RGA, steamed one time), and red ginseng B (RGB, steamed three times). The fat content decreased by increasing duration of treatment and number of steaming treatment. On the other hand, there was no significant variation in contents of ash and carbohydrate depending on processing methods. Contents of sucrose and maltose was higher in Taegeuk and red ginseng than those of white ginseng. Steamed ginseng root (taegeuk and red ginseng root) showed higher amount of water extractable solid than the unsteamed white ginseng, but the variation of crude saponin content was not distinctive depending on processing methods. The contents of total ginsenosides increased by the order of white, taegeuk, red A, and red B root. In summary, chemical composition and total ginsenoside content were different according to part of root and processing methods, thus implies the importance of quality control as well as pharmacological activity of ginseng root.

Keywords

References

  1. Attele AS, Zhou YP, Xie JT, Wu JA, Zhang L, Dey L, Pugh W, Rue PA, Polonsky KS and Yuan CS. (2002). Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes. 51:1851-1858. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1851
  2. Cho BG, Nho KB, Sohn HJ, Choi KJ, Lee SK, Kim SC, Ko SR, Xie PS, Yan YZ and Yang JW. (2002). Validation on the analytical method of ginsenosides in red ginseng. KT&G Central Research Institute. report, Korea Tonornal Global Korea. 491-501.
  3. Gil BI. (2003). A survey on the quality characteristics of dried ginseng products. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology. 35:1003-1006.
  4. Ha DC and Ryu GH. (2005). Chemical components of red, white and extruded root ginseng. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 34:247-254. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2005.34.2.247
  5. Hawng JB, Ha JH, Hawer WD, Nahmgung B and Lee BY. (2005). Ginsenoside contents of Korean white ginseng and taegeuk ginseng with various sizes and cultivation years. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology. 37: 508-512.
  6. Hong HD, Kim YC, Rho JH, Kim KT and Lee YC. (2007). Changes on physicochemical properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer during repeated steaming process. Journal of Ginseng Research. 31:222-229. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2007.31.4.222
  7. Jang JG, Lee KS, Kwon DW and Oh HK. (1987). Chemical compositions of Korean ginseng with special reference to the part of ginseng plant. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science. 11:84-89.
  8. Ji YQ, Yang HJ, Tie J, Kim MH and Ryu GH. (2008). Comparison of physicochemical properties of extruded ginseng samples. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 13:299-305. https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2008.13.4.299
  9. Joo SS, Won TJ, Lee YJ, Hwang KW, Lee SG, Yoo YM and Lee DI. (2006). Ginsenoside Rg3 from red ginseng prevents damage of neuronal cells through the phosphorylation of the cell survival protein Akt. Food Science and Biotechnoloty. 15:244-247.
  10. Kim JH. (2007). Cardioprotective effect of the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK on contractile dysfunction of ischemic heart. Journal of Ginseng Research. 31:23-33. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2007.31.1.023
  11. Kim JH, Lee JH, Jeong SM, Lee BH, Yoon IS, Lee JH, Choi SH, Kim DH, Park TK, Kim BK and Nah SY. (2006). Stereospecific effects of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ epimers on swine coronary artery contractions. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 29:365-370. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.365
  12. Kim KH, Jung IS, Chung HY, Jo SK and Yun YS. (1997). Preclinical evaluation of polysaccharides extracted from Korean red-ginseng as an antineoplastic immunostimulator. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science. 21:78-84.
  13. Kim ND, Kim EM, Kang KW, Cho MK, Choi SY and Kim SG. (2003). Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ inhibits phenylephrine-induced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. British Journal of Pharmacology. 140:661-670. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705490
  14. Kim SD, Do JH and Oh HI. (1981). Antioxidant activity of Panax ginseng browning products. Journal of the Korean Agricultural Chemical Society. 24:161-166.
  15. Kim SN and Kang SJ. (2009). Effects of black ginseng (9 timessteaming ginseng) on hypoglycemic action and changes in the composition of ginsenosides on the steaming process. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology. 41:77-81.
  16. Kim WY, Kim JM, Han SB, Lee SK, Kim ND, Park MK, Kim CK and Park JH. (2000). Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. Journal of Natural Products. 63:1702-1704. https://doi.org/10.1021/np990152b
  17. Kim YC, Kim SR, Markelonis GJ and Oh TH. (1998). Ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_3$ protect cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced neurodegeneration. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 53:426-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980815)53:4<426::AID-JNR4>3.0.CO;2-8
  18. Kitagawa I, Taniyama T, Hayashi T and Yoshikawa M. (1983). Malonyl-ginsenosides $Rb_1$,$Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd, four new malonylated dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides from ginseng radix. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31:3353-3356. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.31.3353
  19. Kitagawa I, Taniyama T, Shibuya H, Noda T and Yoshikawa M. (1987). Chemical studies on crude drug processing. V. On the constituents of ginseng radix rubra (2): Comparison of the constituents of white ginseng and red ginseng prepared from the same Panax ginseng root. Yakugaku Zasshi. 107:495-505. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.107.7_495
  20. Ko SR, Choi KJ and Han KW. (1996). Comparison of proximate composition, mineral nutrient, amino acid and free sugar contents of several Panax species. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science. 20:36-41.
  21. Ko S.R, Choi KJ, Kim S C and Han KW.(1995). Content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science. 19: 254-259.
  22. Kwak YS, Kim MJ, Kim EH and Kim YA. (1997). An rapid extraction of ginseng saponin compounds. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology. 29:1327-1329.
  23. Lee JH, Shen GN, Kim EK, Shin HJ, Myung CS, Oh HJ, Kim DH, Roh SS, Cho W, Seo YB, Park YJ, Kang CW and Song GY. (2006). Preparation of black ginseng and its antitumor activity. Korean Journal of Oriental Physiology & Pathology. 20:951-956.
  24. Lee SW, Kim GS, Yeon BY, Hyun DY, Kim YB, Kang SW and Kim YC. (2009). Comparison of growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents by drainage classes and varieties in 3-yearold ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 17:346-351.
  25. Lee SW, Yeon BY, Kim CG, Shin YS, Hyun DY, Kang SW and Cha SW. (2008). Effect of variety and shading material on growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents of 2-year-old ginseng grown in imperfectly drained paddy soil. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 16:434-438.
  26. Li XG, Kang SJ, Han JS, Kim JS and Choi JE. (2009). Effects of root diameter within different root parts on ginsenoside composition of Yunpoong cultivar in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 17:452-457.
  27. Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, Sato K, Saiki I, Tono- Oka S, Samukawa KI and Azuma I. (1995). Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-$Rb_2$, 20(R)- and 20(S)- ginsenoside$Rg_3$, of red ginseng. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 18:1197-1202. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.18.1197
  28. Nam KY. (2005). The Comparative understanding between red ginseng and white ginsengs, processed ginsengs (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Journal of Ginseng Research. 29:1-18. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2005.29.1.001
  29. Nam KY(1996). Choishin Korea Insam(Component and Efficacy), Chonil Press, Daejeon, Korea: 13-57.
  30. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Vidgen E, Leiter LA and Vuksan V. (2004). A systematic quantitative analysis of the literature of the high variability in ginseng (Panax spp.): Should ginseng be trusted in diabetes Diabetes Care. 27:839-840. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.3.839
  31. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leither LA, Vuksan V.(2003) Null and opposing effcts of Asian ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on acute glycemia: Results of two acute dose escalation studies. Journal of American College of Nutrition. 22:524-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2003.10719331
  32. Sievenpiper JL, Sung MK ,DiBuono M, Seung-Lee K, Nam KY, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. (2006): Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. Journal of the American Collego of Nutrition. 25:100-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719519
  33. Son HJ and Ryu GH. (2009). Chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of extract from a extruded white ginseng. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 38:946-950. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.7.946
  34. Sun BS, Gu LJ, Fang ZM, Wang CY, Wang Z and Sung CK. (2009). Determination of 11 ginsenosides in black ginseng developed from Panax ginseng by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Science and Biotechnology. 18:561-564.
  35. Takaku T, Kameda K, Matsuura Y, Sekiya K and Okuda H. (1990). Studies on insulin-like substances in Korean red ginseng. Planta Medica. 56:27-30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960877
  36. Yokozawa T, Yasui T and Oura H. (1996). Molecular biological analysis of the effects of ginsenoside-$Rb_2$ on albumin mRNA in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 48:763-767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb03967.x
  37. Yue PY, Wong DY, Wu PK, Leung PY, Mak NK, Yeung HW, Liu L, Cai Z, Jiang ZH, Fan TP and Wong RN. (2006). The angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$. Biochemical Pharmacology. 72:437-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.034