Risk Assessment for Aquatic Organisms of Pesticides Detected In Water Phase of Six Major Rivers in Korea

주요 하천수역에서 검출된 농약의 수서생물에 대한 위해성 평가

  • Lee, Ji-Ho (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Park, Byung-Jun (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Jin-Kyung (Agro-Material Management Division, Research Policy Bureau, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Won-Il (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Hong, Su-Myung (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Im, Geon-Jae (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Hong, Moo-Ki (Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Rural Development Administration)
  • 이지호 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 박병준 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 김진경 (농촌진흥청 연구정책국 농자재관리과) ;
  • 김원일 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 홍수명 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 임건재 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부) ;
  • 홍무기 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부)
  • Received : 2011.03.02
  • Accepted : 2011.03.18
  • Published : 2011.03.31

Abstract

Risk assessments of pesticides detected in six major rivers during peak season were estimated for algae, Daphnia, and fish using hazard quotient (HQ) indexes. The eight pesticides (isoprothiolane, hexaconazole, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, alachlor, butachlor, molinate) were detected within the range of 0.027~12.871 ${\mu}g/L$. Detection frequency of isoprothiolate was estimated to be high at 67.5%, and those of the others varied from 15.0 to 37.5%, Hazard Quotients (HQ) indexes varied by freshwater organisms (algae, Daphnia, and fish). Overall, the ecological risk probability due to exposure of pesticides detected in major rivers did not reveal based on HQ indexes below 1.0. Particularly, butachlor and molinate for algae, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, prothiofos for Daphnia, and chlorpyrifos for fish acted as dominant contributors in increasing the ecological risk in six major rivers. This implied that integrated ecological risk assessment is required using various biological species, reflecting toxicity sensitivity. This study may provide the essential data in establishing the priority for pesticides management in major rivers, Korea.

국내 주요 6대 하천수역 내 농약 성수기에 검출된 농약의 검출수준을 조사하였고, 수서 생물 3종(조류, 물벼룩, 어류)의 농약 노출에 따른 위해 기능성을 위해 지수(HQ indexes)에 의해 평가하였다. 총 40지점의 모니터링을 실시한 결과, 검출농약은 살균제isoprothiolane, hexaconazole, 살충제 diazinon, chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, 제초제 alachlor, butachlor, molinate의 총 8종으로 확인되었다. 그 중 isoprothiolane이 67.5%의 높은 빈도로 검출되었고, 그 이외의 농약은 15~37.5% 범위의 검출빈도를 나타내었다. 검출빈도는 butachlor >, prothiofos >, ch1orpyrifos >, hexaconazole, molinate > diazinon, alachlor순으로 조사되었다. 전 하천수역에서 수서 생물 3종(조류, 물벼룩, 어류)에 대한 위해 지수가 1.0을 초과하지 않았기 때문에 수 생태계에 대한 위해 가능성이 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 주요 하천수역 내 수서 생물의 위해 가능성에 대한 각 검출 농약의 상대적인 기여도를 평가한 결과, 수서 생물 종별로 다양하게 나타났다. 조류는 butachlor와 molinate성분에 의해, 물벼룩은 chlorpyrifos, diazinon, prothiofos 성분에 의해, 어류는 chlorpyrifos성분에 의해 위해 지수의 기여도가 높게 조사되었다. 본 연구결과는 하천 수계별 농약관리의 우선순위를 선정하는 데 있어 필수자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Agriculture and Environment Research Unit (AERU) (2009) Pesticide Properties Data Base (PPDB).
  2. Albanis, T. A., D.G. Hela, T.M. Sakellarides, and I.K. Konstantinou (1998) Monitoring of pesticide residues and thier metabolites in surface and underground waters of Imathia (N. Greece) by solid phase extraction disks and gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 824:59-71.
  3. British Crop Production Council (OCPC) (2009) The World Corpeadiom­The Pesticide Manual I,II Fifteenth Edition.
  4. Brock, T.C.M (2000) Ecological risks of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems. Part 1: Herbicides. Alterra-report 088, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 127.
  5. Brock, T.C.M., G.H.P. Arts, L. Maltby, and P.J. Van den Brink (2006) Aquatic risk of pesticides, ecological protection goals, and common aims in European Union Legislation. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2(4):e20-e46. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.5630020402
  6. Brock, T.C.M, R.P.A. Van Wijingaarden, and G.J. Van Geest. (2000) Ecological risks of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems. Part 2: Insecticides. Alterra-report 089, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 142.
  7. Byard, J.L. (1999) The impact of rice pesticides on the aquatic ecosystems of the Sacramento River and Delta (California). Reviews of environmental contamination and Toxicology 159:95-110.
  8. DeCoursey, D. G. (1985) Mathematical models for nonpoint water pollution control. J. soil water conservat. 40:408-413.
  9. Finlayson, B.J. and G.A. Fagella (1986) Comparison of laboratory and field observation of fish exposed to the herbicides molinate and thiobencarb. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 12:212-215.
  10. Hughes, J. (1988) The Toxicity of Diazinon Technical to Selena-strum capricornutum, US EPA-OPP Registration Standard.
  11. Munoz, I., M.J. Martinez Bueno, A. Aguera, and A.R. Fernandez-Alba (2010) Environmental and human health risk assessment of organic micro-pollutants occurring in a Spanish marine fish farm, Environ. Pollut. 158:1809-1816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.006
  12. [SANCO] Sante des Consommateurs. (2002a) Guidance document on aquatic ecotoxicity in the context of the Directive 91/414/EEC. European Commission, Health & consumer protection Directorate-General, SANCO/3268/2001 rev. 4(final). Brussels(BE).
  13. US EPA (2000) Data quality assessment: statistical methods for practitioners EPA QA/G-9S, EPA/240/B-06/003.
  14. US EPA (2002) Molinate; Availability of Risk Assessment, http://www .epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/April/Day-02/p7946.htm.
  15. Von der Ohe, P.C., E. De Deckere, A. PruB, I. Munoz, G. Wolfram, M Villagrassa. (2009) Towards an integrated risk assessment of the ecological and chemical status of European river basins. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 5(1):50-61. https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_2008-043.1
  16. Water Environment Research Foundation (1996) Aquatic ecological risk assessment: a multi-tiered approach. Alexandria, Virginia.
  17. WHO (1996) WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Chemical hazards in drinking water-molinate.
  18. 김병석, 박연기, 홍순성, 양유정, 박경훈, 정미혜, 김세리, 박경훈, 예완해, 김두호, 홍무기, 안용준, 진진섭 (2009) 2종의 수서곤충 Chironomus riparius와 Cloeon dipterum의 유충성장단계별 molinate 급성독성 비교. 농약과학회지 13(4):256-261.
  19. 박경훈, 김찬섭, 박병준, 이병무, 최주현, 정미혜, 김병석, 박현주 (2007) 남한강 지류 복포천 유역의 농약 잔류량 조사. 농약과학회지 11(4):230-237.
  20. 박병준, 김진경, 박상원, 이병무, 김원일 (2008) 시험연구사업보고서, 농산물안전성연구(II)-농용수 중 잔류농약 오염도 평가연구, 국립농업과학원.
  21. 박연기, 배철한, 김병석, 이제봉, 유아선, 홍순성, 박경훈, 신진섭, 홍무기, 이규승, 이정호 (2009) Butachlor의 수서생물에 대한 위해성평가. 농약고학회지 13(1):1-12.
  22. 배철한, 박연기, 김연식, 조경원, 이석희, 정창국 (2008) 담수조류의 벼재배용 농약 6종에 대한 감수성 비교. 농약과학회지 12(3):222-228.
  23. 한국작물보호협회 (2010) 농약사용지침서.
  24. 농촌진흥청 (2010) 농약관리법령 및 고시.훈령집.
  25. 국립환경과학원 (2010) 고시집.