DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Temperature on Survival of Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus

퇴비에서 온도조건에 따른 Salmonella enterica와 Staphylococcus aureus의 내열성 변화

  • 정규석 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원) ;
  • 허성기 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원) ;
  • 노은정 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원) ;
  • 장미나 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원) ;
  • 이동환 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원) ;
  • 최재혁 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원) ;
  • 이선영 (중앙대학교 식품공학부) ;
  • 윤종철 (농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원) ;
  • 김계훈 (서울시립대학교 환경원예학과)
  • Received : 2012.07.05
  • Accepted : 2012.08.14
  • Published : 2012.08.31

Abstract

Manures contain a variety of pathogenic microorganisms that pose a risk to human or animal. On-farm contaminations through contaminated manure were considered likely sources of the pathogen for several outbreak. Pathogenic microorganisms may survive in low numbers during the composting process and subsequently regrow to high levels under favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of temperature on survival of Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus in livestock manure compost. Commercial livestock manure compost (manure 60%, sawdust 40%) was inoculated with S. enterica and S. aureus. Compost was incubated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 35, and $55^{\circ}C$) for 20 weeks. Samples were taken every week during incubation depending on the given conditions. S. enterica persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$, over 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 140 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. S. aureus persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$ and 90 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 70 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 40 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results indicate that S. enterica and S. aureus persisted longer under low temperature condition. S. enterica survived longer than S. aureus at three different temperatures (10, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). This study will provide useful and practical guidelines to applicators of soil in deciding appropriate handling and time frames for land application of livestock manure compost for sustainable agriculture. Results from these studies provide useful information in identifying manure handling practices to reduce the risk of S. enterica and S. aureus transmission to fresh produce.

본 연구는 국내에서 유통되는 가축분 퇴비를 대상으로 온도에 따른 병원성 미생물 (S. enterica, S. aureus)의 생존능 및 생존기간을 조사하고 농산물의 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 안전한 가축분 퇴비의 생산과 이용에 도움을 주고자 수행하였다. 국내 유통되는 가축분 퇴비에 S. enterica를 접종하여 온도에 따른 생존 변화양상을 조사한 결과, 처리온도에 따라서 다른 경향을 나타내었는데 $10^{\circ}C$에서 가장 오래 생존하였고, $55^{\circ}C$에서는 하루 만에 사멸하였다. 처리온도 $10^{\circ}C$에서 초기농도 $7.58log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$이었고 그 이후 점점 감소하기 시작하여 140일에는 $4.90log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$였는데 감소폭이 낮았다. 처리온도 $25^{\circ}C$에서 초기농도는 $7.83log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$이었고 0~60일까지는 급격히 감소하다가 그 이후로 거의 변화가 없었고 140일에는 모두 사멸하였다. $35^{\circ}C$에서는 0~20일까지 급격히 감소하였고 그 이후 60일 까지는 일정한 수준을 유지하다가 70일에 전부 사멸하였다. $55^{\circ}C$에서는 접종 1일 경과 후에 모두 사멸하였다. 생존기간은 처리온도 10, 25, 35, $55^{\circ}C$ 순이었는데 고온일수록 빨리 사멸하는 결과를 보였다. 가축분 퇴비 내 S. aureus의 생존변화를 실험한 결과, 처리온도 $10^{\circ}C$에서 초기농도 $7.87log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$이었고 그 이후 점점 감소하기 시작하여 90일에는 전부 사멸하였다. 처리온도 $25^{\circ}C$에서 초기농도는 $7.70log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$이었고 0~15일까지는 급격히 감소하다가 그 이후로 거의 변화가 없었으며 70일에는 모두 사멸하였다. $35^{\circ}C$에서는 0~7일까지 급격히 감소하였고 그 이후 35일까지는 약간 증가 후 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 40일 정도에 전부 사멸하였다. $55^{\circ}C$에서는 접종 1일 경과 후에 모두 사멸하였다. 생존기간은 처리온도 10, 25, 35, $55^{\circ}C$ 순이었는데 S. enterica와 비슷하게 온도가 높아질수록 사멸속도가 빨라지는 결과를 볼 수 있었다. 오염퇴비를 통해서 신선상태의 채소류 등에 전이가 될 경우는 식중독 사고의 잠정적인 위험인자가 될 수 있을 것이므로 퇴비제조 시 병원성 미생물이 사멸할 수 있는 부숙과정을 거치거나 부숙 후 퇴비의 위생적인 관리가 필요하다고 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Beadet, R., C. Gagnon, J.G. Bisaillon, and M. Ishaque. 1990. Microbiological aspects of aerobic thermophilic treatment of swine waste. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:971-976.
  2. Beuchat, L.R. 1996. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 59:204-216.
  3. Beuchat, L.R., J.M. Farbar, E.H. Garrett, L.J. Harris, M.E. Parish, T.V. Suslow, and F.F. Busta. 2001. Standardization of a method to determine the efficacy of sanitizers in inactivating human pathogenic microorganisms on row fruits and vegetables. J. Food Prot. 64:1079-1084.
  4. Burnett, S.L. and L.R. Beuchat. 2001. Human pathogens associated with raw produce and unpasteurized juices, and difficulties in decontamination. J. Industrial Micro. & Biotech. 27:104-110. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.7000199
  5. Franz, E., A.D.V. Diepeningen, O.J.D. Vos, and A.H.C.V. Bruggen. 2005. Effects of cattle feeding regimen and soil management type on the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in manure, manure-amended soil, and lettuce. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6165-6174. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.6165-6174.2005
  6. Himathongkham, S., S. Bahari, H. Riemann, and D. Cliver. 1999. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry. REMS Microbiol. Letters 178:251-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08684.x
  7. Jay, J.M. 2000. Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of foods that affect microbial growth. p. 35-41. In Modern food microbiology. 6th ed. Aspen Publisher, Inc., Gaithersburg.
  8. Jones, P.W. 1986. Sewage sludge as a vector of salmonellosis, p. 21-33. In J.C. Block, A.H. Haielaar, and P.L''Hermite (ed.), Epidemiological studies of risks associated with the agricultural use of sewage sludge. Elsevier, London, England.
  9. Jung, K.S., S.G. Heu, E.J. Roh, D.H. Lee, J.C. Yun, and K.H. Kim. 2011. Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in livestock manure compost and organic fertilizer. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 44(5):794-800. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2011.44.5.794
  10. Jung, S.H., M.J. Hur, J.H. Ju, K.A. Kim, S.S. Oh, J.M. Go, Y.H. Kim, and J.S. Im. 2006. Microbiological evaluation of raw vegetables. Korean J. Fd. Hyg. Safety 21:250-257.
  11. Kim, J.K., W. Marion, Jr. Shepherd, and X. Jiang. 2009. Evaluating the effect of environmental factors on pathogen regrowth in compost extract. J. Microb. Ecol. 58:498-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9524-x
  12. Kim, J.S., O.K. Bang, and H.C. Chang. 2004. Examination of microbiological contamination of ready-to-eat vegetable salad. Korean J. Fd. Hyg. Safety 19:60-65.
  13. Kim, M.H. and W.S. Shin. 2008. Microbiological quality of raw and cooked foods in middle and high school food service establishment. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 37:1343-1356. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.10.1343
  14. Kim, M.K., M.Y. Kim, C.M. Choi, B.G. Ko, S.I. Kwon, and H.Y. Weon. 2010. Pathogenic E. coli inactivation in upland soils to a change of soil moisture content and temperature. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 43(1):90-95.
  15. Kudva, I.T., K. Blanch, and C.J. Hovde. 1998. Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival in ovine or bovine manure and manure slurry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3166-3174.
  16. Mitscherlich, E. and E.H. Marth. 1984. Microbial survival in the environment. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  17. Montville, T.J. and K.R. Matthews. 2001. Principles which influence microbial growth, survival, and death in foods. In M.P. Doyle, L.R. Beuchat, and T.J. Montville (ed.) Food microbiology: Fundamentals and frontiers. 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
  18. Mubiru, D.N., M.S. Coyne, and J.H. Grove. 2000. Mortality of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in two soils with different physical and chemical properties. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1821-1825.
  19. Sivapalasingam, S., C.R. Friedman, L. Cohen, and R.V. Tauxe. 2004. Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997. J. Food Prot. 76:2342-2353.
  20. Tiquia, S.M. 2005. Microbiological parameters as indicators of compost maturity. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:816-828. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02673.x
  21. Turner, C. 2002. The thermal inactivation of E. coli in straw and pig manure. Bioresour. Tech. 84:57-61.
  22. Unc, A. and M.J. Goss. 2004. Transport of bacteria from manure and protection of water resources. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 25:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2003.08.007
  23. Wang, G. and M. P. Doyle. 1998. Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water. J. Food Prot. 61:662-667.
  24. Wang, G., T. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 1996. Fate of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine feces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2567-2570.
  25. You, Y., S.C. Rankin, H.W. Aceto, C.E. Benson, J.D. Toth, and Z. Dou. 2006. Survival of Salmonella enterica serovar newport in manure and manure-amended soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5777-5783. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00791-06

Cited by

  1. Comparative Assessment of Good Agricultural Practices Standards in Agricultural Product Quality Control Act with respect to Produce Safety Rule in Food Safety Modernization Act vol.33, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2018.33.1.12