Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Occurrence Patterns of C4 Plants in Agroecosystems (farming fields) in South Korea

농업생태계 (밭 경작지)의 경작환경에 따른 C4 식물의 출현 양상

  • Yang, Dongwoo (Department of Biological Science, Ajou University) ;
  • Lee, Eunjeong (NPO ECO Korea) ;
  • Lee, Jinju (Department of Fundamental Environment Research, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Kim, Min-Seob (Department of Fundamental Environment Research, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Han, Donguk (National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea) ;
  • Kim, Myung-Hyun (National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development of Administration) ;
  • Cho, Kwang-Jin (National Institute of Ecology) ;
  • Oh, Young-Ju (Institute for Future Environmental Ecology Co., Ltd.) ;
  • Park, Sangkyu (Department of Biological Science, Ajou University)
  • Received : 2015.08.20
  • Accepted : 2016.05.31
  • Published : 2016.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To elucidate occurrence patterns of $C_4$ plants in agroecosystems, we surveyed flora inside fields and embankments in 222 sites in farming lands in summer and fall, 2013. We also observed Kranz anatomy and analyzed carbon stable isotope to classify photosynthesis types. Our study observed total 54 species of $C_4$ plants in 33 genera and 9 families of vascular plants besides cultivated crops occurring in farming fields. The most common species was Portulaca oleracea L. followed by Digitaria ciliaris and Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. var. crusgalli among the $C_4$ plants. The ratios of $C_3$ and $C_4$ species number to total number of species tended to maintain constant regardless of survey times and habitat types. The proportion of $C_4$ species to the total number of species were more influenced by the number of $C_3$ species than those of other types in the surveyed sites. Sizes of cultivation areas did not affect the proportions of $C_4$ plants. Increasing number of simultaneous weeding methods, especially with cutting method, appeared to decrease the number of $C_3$ plants. On the other hand, as the number of cultivated crops increased, both $C_3$ and $C_4$ plants increased but the proportions of $C_4$ species remained. We interpret our results that proportion of $C_4$ species in agroecosystems, appear to be dependent on the number of $C_3$ species, which in turn, appear to be affected by cultivation methods.

본 연구는 농업생태계에 출현하는 $C_4$ 식물의 출현 양상을 파악하기 위하여 2013년 여름과 가을, 2회에 걸쳐 전국 222 지점의 밭 경작지에서 식물상 및 경작환경을 조사하였으며, 광합성 유형을 판단하기 위해 주요 출현 종에 대한 Kranz 구조 확인과 탄소 안정동위원소 분석을 실시하였다. 밭 경작지에 출현하는 $C_4$ 식물은 9과 33속 54종이었으며 주요 출현종은 쇠비름, 바랭이, 돌피 등이었다. 조사 시기와 생육지 유형에 상관없이 밭 경작지에 출현하는 $C_3$, $C_4$ 식물은 출현하는 전체 종수의 일정 비율로 출현하는 경향을 보였다. $C_4$ 식물의 출현 종수의 변동폭은 크지 않았으며, $C_4$ 식물의 출현율은 $C_4$ 식물의 출현 종수보다 $C_3$ 식물의 출현 종수에 의한 영향을 크게 받았다. 경작면적은 $C_4$ 식물의 출현율에 영향을 미치지 않았으며 여러 제초방법의 동시 시행은 $C_3$ 식물의 출현 종수를 감소시켰다. 특히 예취는 $C_3$ 식물 출현 종수에 큰 감소를 가져왔다. 반면 재배작물수의 증가는 $C_3$, $C_4$ 식물의 출현 증가를 가져왔으나 $C_4$ 식물의 출현율에는 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 농업생태계에서 다른 생태계에 비해 높은 $C_4$ 출현율을 보인 이유는 경작활동에 의한 $C_3$ 식물 출현 종수의 감소에 따른 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Armengot, L., L. Jose-Maria, J.M. Blanco-Moreno, A. Romero-Puente and F.X. Sans. 2011. Landscape and land-use effects on weed flora in Mediterranean cereal fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 142(3):311-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.001
  2. Boutton, T.W., G.N. Cameron and B.N. Smith. 1978. Insect herbivory on C3 and C4 grasses. Oecologia 36(1):21-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344568
  3. Chang, N.K. and S.K. Lee. 1983a. Studies on the Classification, Productivity, and Distribution of C3, C4 and CAM Plants in Vegetations of Korea III. The Distribution of C3 and C4 Type Plants. The Korean Journal of Ecology 6(2):128-141.
  4. Chang, N.K. and S.K. Lee. 1983b. Studies on the Classification, Productivity and Distribution of C3, C4 and CAM Plants in Vegetations of Korea I. C3 and C4 Type plants. The Korean Journal of Ecology 6(1):62-69.
  5. Cho, K.J., M.H. Kim, M.K. Kim, Y.E. Na, Y.J. Oh and L.J. Choe. 2014. Ecological characteristics of vascular plants by habitat types of dry field in Jeolla-do, Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 33(2):86-102. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2014.33.2.86
  6. Cho, K.J., Y.J. Oh, K.K. Kang, M.S. Han, Y.E. Na, M. Kim, L.J. Choe and M.H. Kim. 2013. Occurrence and distribution of C4 plants under diverse agricultural field types in Korea. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 15: 85-101. https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2013.15.2.085
  7. Collatz, G.J., J.A. Berry and J.S. Clark. 1998. Effects of climate and atmospheric $CO_2$ partial pressure on the global distribution of C4 grasses: present, past, and future. Oecologia 114(4):441-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050468
  8. Ehleringer, J.R. and R.K. Monson. 1993. Evolutionary and ecological aspects of photosynthetic pathway variation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24: 411-439. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002211
  9. Ehleringer, J.R., T.E. Cerling and B.R. Helliker. 1997. C4 photosynthesis, atmospheric $CO_2$, and climate. Oecologia 112:285-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050311
  10. Foster, D.R. 1992. Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80(4):753-771. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260864
  11. Gowik, U. and P. Westhoff. 2011. The path from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. Plant Physiology 155(1):56-63. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.165308
  12. Hattersley, P.W. 1983. The distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in Australia in relation to climate. Oecologia 57: 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379569
  13. Hwang, J.B., E.S. Yun, K.Y. Jung, C.Y. Park, Y.D. Choi, Y.H. Lee and M.H. Nam. 2011. Yearly variation of ecological traits of weed flora on soils having different drainage property. Korean Journal of Weed Science 31(1):41-48. https://doi.org/10.5660/KJWS.2011.31.1.041
  14. Kim, M.H., M.S. Han, K.K. Kang, Y.E. Na and H.S. Bang. 2011. Effects of climate change on C4 plant list and distribution in South Korea: A review. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 13: 123-139. https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2011.13.3.123
  15. Korean National Arboretum and the Plant Taxonomy Society of Korea. 2007. A Synonymic List of Vascular Plants in Korea. Korean National Arboretum, Korea.
  16. Lee, B.M., J.R. Jo, N.H. An, J.H. Ok and S.C. Kim. 2014. False seedbed weed control under different preparation date and method in organic corn field. Weed and Turfgrass Science 3(4):299-304. https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2014.3.4.299
  17. Lee, K.S. 2006. Changes of species diversity and development of vegetation structure during abandoned field succession after shifting cultivation in Korea. Journal of Ecology and Environment 29(3):227-235. https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2006.29.3.227
  18. Lee, K.S. and J.H Kim. 1994. Changes in crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) of Sedum plants with special reference to soil moisture conditions. Journal of Plant Biology 37(1):9-15.
  19. Lee, T.B. 2003. Illustrated flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa, Korea.
  20. Lee, W.T. 1996. Standard illustrations of Korean plants. Academy Press, Korea.
  21. Matthews, E. 1983. Global vegetation and land use: New highresolution data bases for climate studies. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22: 474-487. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<0474:GVALUN>2.0.CO;2
  22. Ministry of Environment Korea. 2014. Environmental statistics yearbook.
  23. Nishida, K., Z. Roksandic and B. Osmond. 1981. Carbon isotope ratios of epidermal and mesophyll tissues from leaves of C3 and CAM plants. Plant and Cell Physiology 22(5):923-926.
  24. Oh, S.M., C.S. Kim, B.C. Moon and I.Y. Lee. 2002. Inflow information and habitat current status of exotic weeds in Korea. Korean Journal of Weed Science 22(3):280-295.
  25. Oh, Y.J., S.H. Hong, W.J. Lee, C.S. Kim, and I.Y. Lee. 2013. Distribution Characteristics of Paddy Weeds in Northern Gyeonggi-do. Weed and Turfgrass Science 2(4):413-420. https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2013.2.4.413
  26. Park, S.H. 2009. New illustrations and photographs of naturalized plants of Korea. Ilchokak, Korea. pp. 1-575.
  27. Paruelo, J.M. and W.K. Lauenroth. 1996. Relative abundance of plant functional types in grasslands and shrublands of North America. Ecological Applications 6(4):1212-1224. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269602
  28. Ryang, H.S., J.C. Chun and I.T. Hwang. 1984. Change in weed flora with season and cultivated crop and land. Korean Journal of Weed Science 4(1):4-10.
  29. Sage, R.F. 2004. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis. New Phytologist 161(2):41-370.
  30. Sage, R.F., P.A. Christin and E.J. Edwards. 2011. The C4 plant lineages of planet Earth. Journal of Experimental Botany 62(9):3155-3169. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err048
  31. Steinmann, K., S. Eggenberg, T. Wohlgemuth, H.P. Linder and N.E. Zimmermann. 2011. Niches and noise-Disentangling habitat diversity and area effect on species diversity. Ecological Complexity 8(4):313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2011.06.004
  32. Sternberg, L.O., M.J. Deniro and H.B. Johnson. 1984. Isotope ratios of cellulose from plants having different photosynthetic pathways. Plant Physiology 74(3):557-561. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.74.3.557
  33. Takeda, T., T. Tanikawa, W. Agata and S. Hakoyama. 1985. Studies on the ecology and geographical distribution of C3 and C4 grasses. I. Taxonomic and geographical distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in Japan with special reference to climatic conditions. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 54: 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.54.54
  34. Teeri, J.A. and L.G. Stowe. 1976. Climatic patterns and the distribution of C4 grasses in North America. Oecologia 23(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351210
  35. Waller, S.S. and J.K. Lewis. 1979. Occurrence of C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in North American grasses. Journal of Range Management 32(1):12-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/3897378
  36. Wang, G., J. Han and D. Liu. 2003. The carbon isotope composition of C3 herbaceous plants in loess area of northern China. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 46(10):1069-1076. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02959402
  37. Willmer, C.M. and P. Firth. 1980. Carbon isotope discrimination of epidermal tissue and mesophyll tissue from the leaves of various plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 31: 1-5.