DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Analysis of presumed sodium intake of office workers using 24-hour urine analysis and correlation matrix between variables

24시간 소변분석을 통한 직장인의 나트륨 섭취 추정량 및 관련 변수와의 상관성 분석

  • Kim, Hyun-Hee (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Lee, Yeon-Kyung (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University)
  • 김현희 (경북대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이연경 (경북대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2012.08.29
  • Accepted : 2013.01.24
  • Published : 2013.02.28

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sodium intake of office workers using 24-hour urine analysis and to analyze the correlation matrix between variables. The sodium intake of the subjects (n = 137), based on a 24-hr sodium excretion period, was male (n = 56) 6072.4 mg and female (n = 81) 5,168.2 mg. Urinary sodium excretion showed significant positive correlation with BMI, frequency of eating out, expenditure of eating out, salty taste assessment and high-salt dietary behavior. Analysis of urinary sodium excretion showed significant positive correlation with intake frequencies of cabbage kimchi, broiled fish, feast noodle and rice with leaf wraps. Based on the results of multiple regression, urinary sodium excretion was found to be related to intake frequencies of cabbage kimchi, broiled fish, rice with leaf wraps and high score of high-salt dietary behavior.

Keywords

References

  1. Meneton P, Jeunemaitre X, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol Rev 2005; 85(2): 679- 715 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00056.2003
  2. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2007; 22(4): 298-305 https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0b013e32814f1d8c
  3. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ 2007; 334(7599): 885-888 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39147.604896.55
  4. Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D, Moltchanov V, Tanskanen A, Pietinen P, Nissinen A. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 357(9259): 848-851 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04199-4
  5. Cianciaruso B, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, Tavera A, Capuano A, Conte G, De Nicola L. Salt intake and renal outcome in patients with progressive renal disease. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1998; 24(4): 296-301 https://doi.org/10.1159/000057385
  6. Swift PA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, He FJ, MacGregor GA. Modest salt reduction reduces blood pressure and urine protein excretion in black hypertensives: a randomized control trial. Hypertension 2005; 46(2): 308-312 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000172662.12480.7f
  7. He FJ, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. Effect of salt intake on renal excretion of water in humans. Hypertension 2001; 38(3): 317-320 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.38.3.317
  8. He FJ, Marrero NM, MacGregor GA. Salt intake is related to soft drink consumption in children and adolescents: a link to obesity? Hypertension 2008; 51(3): 629-634 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100990
  9. Cappuccio FP, Kalaitzidis R, Duneclift S, Eastwood JB. Unravelling the links between calcium excretion, salt intake, hypertension, kidney stones and bone metabolism. J Nephrol 2000; 13(3): 169-177
  10. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korea Health Statistics. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1). Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010
  11. Kim JH, Choi MK. Salt intake behavior and blood pressure: the effect of taste sensitivity and preference. J Korean Living Sci Assoc 2007; 16(4): 837-848
  12. Lim HJ. A study on the food intake, sodium and potassium intakes and urinary excretion of preschool children in Pusan. Korean J Nutr 2000; 33(6): 647-659
  13. Jeon SM, Kim KS, Kim SM. Effect of nutrition counseling in hypertension patients. J East Asian Soc Diet Life 2005; 15(6): 717- 727
  14. Son SM, Huh GY. Dietary risk factors associated with hypertension in patients. Korean J Community Nutr 2006; 11(5): 661-672
  15. Yim J, Cho M, Yin C, Seo BK, Koh HG, Choue R. Nutrients and salt consumption of hypertension patients according to treatment status. Korean J Nutr 2005; 38(9): 706-716
  16. Son SM, Park YS, Lim WJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS. Development and evaluation of validity of short dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) for estimation of habitual sodium intake for Korean adults. Korean J Community Nutr 2007; 12(6): 838-853
  17. Chung EJ, Shim E. Salt-related dietary behaviors and sodium intakes of university students in Gyeonggi-do. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2008; 37(5): 578-588 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.5.578
  18. Lee YK, Son SM, Lee JJ, Lee HJ, Shin EK, Park MJ. A study on a scheme to reduce sodium intake. Report of management center for health promotion. Daegu: Kyungpook National University; 2007
  19. Son SM, Park YS, Lim HJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS. Sodium intakes of Korean adults with 24-hour urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire and comparison of sodium intakes according to the regional area and dish group. Korean J Community Nutr 2007; 12(5): 545-558
  20. Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee JJ, Ann MY, Son SM, Lee YK. Estimation of sodium intake of adult female by 24-hour urine analysis, dietary records and dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 55). Korean J Nutr 2010; 43(1): 79-85 https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.1.79
  21. Kim HH, Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee NH, Chun BY, Ahn MY, Lee YK. Analysis by delphi survey of a performance evaluation index for a salt reduction project. Korean J Nutr 2009; 42(5): 486-495 https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.5.486
  22. Kirkendall AM, Connor WE, Abboud F, Rastogi SP, Anderson TA, Fry M. The effect of dietary sodium chloride on blood pressure, body fluids, electrolytes, renal function, and serum lipids of normotensive man. J Lab Clin Med 1976; 87(3): 411-434
  23. Son SM, Huh GY, Lee HS. Development and evaluation of validity of dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) and short DFQ using Na index for estimation of habitual sodium intake. Korean J Community Nutr 2005; 10(5): 677-692
  24. Watson RL, Langford HG. Usefulness of overnight urines in population groups. Pilot studies of sodium, potassium, and calcium excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 1970; 23(3): 290-304 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/23.3.290
  25. Shin EK, Lee HJ, Ahn MY, Lee YK. Study on the development and evaluation of validity of salty taste assessment tool. Korean J Nutr 2008; 41(2): 184-191
  26. Bartoshuk LM. NaCl thresholds in man: thresholds for water taste or NaCl taste? J Comp Physiol Psychol 1974; 87(2): 310-325 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036788
  27. Cho YY. Practice guidelines for reducing salt intake. Korean J Community Nutr 2002; 7(3): 394-400
  28. Chang SO. The amount of sodium in the processed foods, the use of sodium information on the nutrition label and the acceptance of sodium reduced ramen in the female college students. Korean J Nutr 2006; 39(6): 585-591
  29. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Am J Public Health 2007; 97(4): 667-675 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782
  30. Karppanen H, Mervaala E. Sodium intake and hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 49(2): 59-75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2006.07.001
  31. Pangborn RM, Pecore SD. Taste perception of sodium chloride in relation to dietary intake of salt. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35(3): 510- 520 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/35.3.510
  32. Chang SO. Effect of a 6-month low sodium diet on the salt taste perception and pleasantness, blood pressure and the urinary sodium excretion in female college students. Korean J Nutr 2010; 43(5): 433-442 https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.5.433
  33. Kusaba T, Mori Y, Masami O, Hiroko N, Adachi T, Sugishita C, Sonomura K, Kimura T, Kishimoto N, Nakagawa H, Okigaki M, Hatta T, Matsubara H. Sodium restriction improves the gustatory threshold for salty taste in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2009; 76(6): 638-643 https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.214
  34. Blais CA, Pangborn RM, Borhani NO, Ferrell MF, Prineas RJ, Laing B. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste responses to sodium chloride: a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44(2): 232-243 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/44.2.232
  35. Li N, Prescott J, Wu Y, Barzi F, Yu X, Zhao L, Neal B; China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group. The effects of a reducedsodium, high-potassium salt substitute on food taste and acceptability in rural northern China. Br J Nutr 2009; 101(7): 1088-1093 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508042360
  36. Kim JY, Kang YR, Lee MY, Paik HY. Sodium intake and prefer ence for salty taste in elementary school children residing in rural and urban areas of Korea. Korean J Nutr 1990; 23(4): 248-256
  37. Matsuzuki H, Muto T, Haruyama Y. School children's salt intake is correlated with salty taste preference assessed by their mothers. Tohoku J Exp Med 2008; 215(1): 71-77 https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.215.71
  38. Lee HS. Studies on salt intake through eat-out foods in Andong area. Korean J Soc Food Sci 1997; 13(3): 314-318
  39. World Action on Salt and Health. World salt awareness week. London: Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine; 2013. Available from: http://www.worldactiononsalt.com/awarenessweek/index. html
  40. Kim HH, Jung YY, Lee YK. A comparison of salty taste assessments and dietary attitudes and dietary behaviors associated with high-salt diets in four regions in Korea. Korean J Community Nutr 2012; 17(1): 38-48 https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.38
  41. Moon HK, Choi SO, Kim JE. Dishes contributing to sodium intake of elderly living in rural areas. Korean J Community Nutr 2009; 14(1): 123-136
  42. Son SM, Huh GY. Salt intake and nutritional problems in Korean. Proceedings of spring symposium; 2002 May 11. Seoul: The Korean Society of Community Nutrition; 2002. p.7-25
  43. Yon M, Lee Y, Kim D, Lee J, Koh E, Nam E, Shin H, Kang BW, Kim JW, Heo S, Cho HY, Kim CI. Major sources of sodium intake of the Korean population at prepared dish level - based on the KNHANES 2008 & 2009 - Korean J Community Nutr 2011; 16(4): 473-487 https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.473
  44. Rho SN, Yun ME. A comparative study of salinity in packaged Kimchi, bulk Kimchi and common foods in Korea. J Korean Diet Assoc 2009; 15(1): 69-76
  45. Seo JS, Lee TS, Shin DB. The study on the characteristics of commercial Samjangs. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2001; 30(3): 382- 387

Cited by

  1. Blood Pressure and Dietary Related Risk Factors Associated with High Sodium Intake Assessed with 24-hour Urine Analysis for Korean Adults vol.19, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.6.537
  2. Early adulthood: an overlooked age group in national sodium reduction initiatives in South Korea vol.8, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2014.8.6.719
  3. Sodium-related Eating Behaviors of Parents and Its Relationship to Eating Behaviors of Their Preschool Children vol.20, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.11
  4. A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment, Dietary Attitude and Dietary Behavior among Adult and Senior Women by Region and by Age in Korea vol.20, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.109
  5. Salt Preference and Sodium Intake among Pregnant Women vol.22, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2016.22.4.297
  6. A Comparative Study on the Awareness of Health Risks and the Risk Reduction Measures Related to Sodium Intake between Female and Male University Students in Busan and Gyeongnam: An Application of Protection Motivation Theory vol.32, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2016.32.1.136
  7. Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions vol.50, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.5.472
  8. Estimating 24-Hour Urine Sodium Level with Spot Urine Sodium and Creatinine vol.29, pp.Suppl 2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.S2.S97
  9. Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake vol.48, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.5.429
  10. Evaluation of the sodium intake reduction plan for a local government and evidence-based reestablishment of objectives: Case of the Seoul Metropolitan Government vol.50, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.6.664
  11. Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju vol.23, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.38
  12. 나트륨 섭취량 추정을 위한 소변 중 Cl-의 간이적 측정방법의 유용성 검증 vol.29, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2016.29.1.027
  13. A Study on the Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Sodium among the Clients of the General Medical Examination Center vol.28, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2018.12.28.6.404
  14. Understanding how organizational environments affect food intake among employees in South Korea vol.52, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2019.52.6.593
  15. 식사사진을 이용한 24시간 식사 회상 모바일 폰 앱의 나트륨 섭취 추정 타당성 연구 vol.25, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.317