Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Carbon Budget Evaluated in Two Urban Parks of Seoul

서울의 두 도시 근린공원에서 평가된 탄소수지

  • Kim, Gyung Soon (National Institute of Ecology) ;
  • Pi, Jung Hun (Korea National Arboretum) ;
  • An, Ji Hong (Department of Biology, Graduate School of Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Lim, Chi Hong (Department of Biology, Graduate School of Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Jung, Song Hie (Department of Biology, Graduate School of Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Joo, Seung Jin (Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling) ;
  • Lee, Chang Seok (Department of Bio and Environment Technology, Seoul Women's University)
  • Received : 2015.09.01
  • Accepted : 2016.02.19
  • Published : 2016.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was carried out to assess the carbon budget of two urban parks and one natural park and to prepare the plan for improving the ecological functions of the park including carbon sink. Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of those study sites was calculated from the relationship between Net Primary Production (NPP) and soil respiration of each study site. To understand carbon budget of the whole area designated as the park, carbon budget of the urban park was analyzed by classifying the vegetated and the non-vegetated zones. NEP of the Nohae and the Sanggye parks calculated by reflecting areal size that the non-vegetated zones occupy were shown in -1.0 and $0.6\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. On the other hand, NEP of Mt. Bulam natural park as a reference site was in $2.3\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Based on the result, the Nohae park was assessed as carbon source rather than carbon sink. On the other hand, the Sanggye park was classified as carbon sink but the role was poor compared with natural park. The result is, first of all, due to lower NPP of the vegetation introduced for the parks compared with natural vegetation. The other reason is due to wide arrangement of non-vegetated zone. To solve those problems and thereby to create the urban park with high ecological quality, selection of plant species suitable for the ecological characteristic of the park, their arrangement imitated natural vegetation, and ecological zoning were recommended.

본 연구는 서울시 노원구에 위치한 두 도시공원 (노해근린공원, 상계근린공원)의 탄소수지를 정량하고 인접한 자연공원인 불암산 신갈나무림을 대상으로 동일한 조사를 수행하여 그 개선방안을 찾기 위해 수행하였다. 순생산량(NPP)은 상대생장법을 적용하여 측정하였고, 토양호흡량은 EGM-4를 이용하여 측정하였다. 노해근린공원과 상계근린공원에 조성된 식생의 순생산량은 각각 $5.4\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$와 $4.8\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$로 나타났고, 불암산 신갈나무군락의 순생산량은 $6.3\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$로 나타났다. 연간 종속영양생물 토양호흡량은 노해근린공원과 상계근린공원에서 각각 $5.3\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$와 $3.4\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$로 측정되었고, 불암산 신갈나무군락의 토양호흡량은 $4.1\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$로 측정되었다. 공원구역에서 나지가 차지하는 면적을 반영하여 산정한 노해근린공원과 상계근린공원의 순생태계생산량은 각각 $-1.0\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$와 $0.6\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$로 나타났고, 불암산 신갈나무군락의 순생태계생산량은 $2.3\;ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$로 나타났다. 순생태계생산량 정보에 근거하면 노해근린공원은 탄소배출원으로 분류되었다. 반면에 상계근린공원은 탄소흡수원으로 구분되었지만 그 역할은 자연식생과 비교해 크게 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 도시공원의 낮은 순생태계생산량은 자연림과 비교해 낮은 순생산량과 탄소배출 기능이 있는 나지를 넓게 배정한 것에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aizen, M.A., C.L. Morales and J.M. Morales. 2008. Invasive mutualists erode native pollination webs. PLoS Biology 6: 396-403.
  2. Amichev, B.Y., J.A. Burger and J.A. Rodrigue. 2008. Carbon sequestration by forests and soils on mined land in the Midwestern and Appalachian coalfields of the U.S. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 1949-1959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.020
  3. Amthor, J.S. 1995. Terrestrial higher plant response to increasing atmospheric $CO_2$ in relation to global carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1: 243-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00025.x
  4. An, J.H., C.H. Lim, Y.K. Lim, K.B. Nam and C.S. Lee. 2014. A review of restoration project evaluation and post management for ecological restoration of the river. Journal of Restoration Ecology 4: 15-34.
  5. Aronson, J., C. Floret, E. Le Floc'h, C. Ovalle and R. Pontanier. 1993. Restoration and Rehabilitation of Degraded Ecosystems in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. I. A View from the South. Restoration Ecology 1: 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1993.tb00004.x
  6. Barbour, M.G., J.H. Burk, W.D. Pitts, F.S. Gilliam and M.W. Schwartz. 1999. Terrestrial plant ecology. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
  7. Bekku, Y., H. Koizumi, T. Oikawa and J. Iwaki. 1997. Examination of four methods for measuring soil respiration. Applied Soil Ecology 5: 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(96)00131-X
  8. Berger, J.J. 1993. Ecological restoration and nonindigenous plant species: a review. Restoration Ecology 1: 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1993.tb00012.x
  9. Bradshaw, A.D. 1983. The reconstruction of ecosystems: presidential address to the British Ecological Society, December 1982. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2307/2403372
  10. Brooks, M.L., C.M. D'antonio, D.M. Richardson, J.B. Grace, J.E. Keeley, J.M. DiTomaso and D. Pyke. 2004. Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes. BioScience 54: 677-688. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2
  11. Curtis, P.S., P.J. Hanson, P. Bolstad, C. Barford, J.C. Randolph, H.P. Schmid and K.B. Wilson. 2002. Biometric and eddycovariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 113: 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00099-0
  12. Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2003. Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6: 503-523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0151-3
  13. Grubler, A. 1994. Technology and Global Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  14. Han, D.Y. 2002. Carbon cycle modeling by litter decomposition rate and estimation of carbon dioxide budget in Quercus mongolica forest at Mt. Songni National Park., Dissertation. Chungbuk National University.
  15. Heleno, R.H., R.S. Ceia, J.A. Ramos and J. Memmott. 2009. Effects of Alien Plants on Insect Abundance and Biomass: a Food-Web Approach. Conservation Biology 23: 410-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01129.x
  16. Henry, L.A., A.J. Davies and J.M. Roberts. 2010. Beta diversity of cold-water coral reef communities off western Scotland. Coral Reefs 29: 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0577-6
  17. Houghton, R.A. 1995. Land-use changes and the carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1: 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00026.x
  18. Idso, C.D., S.B. Idso and R.C. Balling Jr. 1998. The urban $CO_2$ dome of Phonix, Arizona. Physical Geoggraphy 19: 95-99.
  19. Institution of Mt. Halla. 2012. Survey of natural environment in Mt. Halla. Hallsan National Park, Jeju.
  20. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2000. IPCC Special Report on Emissions Secenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
  21. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
  22. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (Eggleston, H.S., L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara and K. Tanabe, eds.). the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama.
  23. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
  24. Jenkins, P.T. and H.A. Mooney. 2006. The United States, China, and invasive species: present status and future prospects. Biological Invasions 8: 1589-1593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-005-5852-z
  25. Jo, H.K. 1999. Carbon Uptake and Emissions in Urban Landscape, and the Role of Urban Greenspace for Several Cities in Kangwon Province. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 27: 39-53.
  26. Jo, H.K. and T.W. Ahn. 2012. Carbon Storage and Uptake by Deciduous Tree Species for Urban Landscape. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 40: 160-168. https://doi.org/10.9715/KILA.2012.40.5.160
  27. Joo, S.J., M.S. Park, G.S. Kim and C.S. Lee. 2011. $CO_2$ flux in a cool-temperate deciduous forest (Quercus mongolica) of Mt. Nam in Seoul, Korea. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 34: 95-106. https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2011.012
  28. Kim, G.S., Y.K. Lim, J.H. An, J.S. Lee and C.S. LEE. 2014a. Carbon Budget in Campus of the National Institute of Ecology. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 47: 167-175. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2014.47.3.167
  29. Kim, J.S., S.J. Kong and K.C. Yang. 2014b. A study on the soil CO2 Efflux in Quercus acutissima stand at Mt. Bulam urban nature park. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 28: 762-768. https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2014.28.6.762
  30. Korea Forest Research Institute. 2010. Study on the basis of forest carbon accounting in Korea. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  31. Korea Forest Research Institute. 2014. Carbon Emission Factors and Biomass Allometric Equations by Species in Korea. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  32. Kucera, C.L. and D.R. Kirkham. 1971. Soil respiration studies in tallgrass prairie in Missouri. Ecology 52: 912-915. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936043
  33. Kwak, Y.S., Y.K. Hur, J.H. Song and J.K. Hwangbo. 2004. Quantification of Atmospheric Purification Capacity by Afforestation Impact Assessment of Kwangyang Steel Works. Rist Research Paper 18: 334-340.
  34. Lamb, D., P.D. Erskine and J.A. Parrotta. 2005. Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes. Science 310: 1628-1632. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111773
  35. Lee, C.S. 2015. Climate change adaptation achieving through ecological restoration. In: Lee, C.S. (ed.). National Long Term Ecological Research: climate change and ecology. National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon.
  36. Lee, C.S. and A.N. Lee. 2004. Restoration Effects Confirmed in the Environmental Forests Created on the Bases of Ecological Principles. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 22: 220-226.
  37. Lee, C.S., Y.M. Jeong and H.S. Kang. 2011. Concept, Direction, and Task of Ecological Restoration. Journal of Restoration Ecology 2: 59-71.
  38. Lee, C.S., K.S. Lee, J.K. Hwangbo, Y.H. You and J.H. Kim. 2004. Selection of tolerant plants and their arrangement to restore a forest ecosystem damaged by air pollution. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 156: 251-273. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000036815.93745.46
  39. Lee, M. 2003. Method for assessing forest carbon sink by ecological process-based approach-a case study for Takayama Station, Japan. Korean Journal of Ecology 23: 131-134.
  40. Lee, S.D., J.W. Choi, J.K. Lee and B.H. Han. 2006. Foundation of Park Management Plan to Consider Ecological Aspects Based on Environment Ecology Research and Analysis in Bulamsan Urban Nature Park. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 20: 170-187.
  41. Litton, C.M., M.G. Ryan and D.H. Knight. 2004. Effects of tree density and stand age on carbon allocation patterns in post fire lodgepole pine. Ecological Applications 14: 460-475. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5291
  42. Lopezaraiza-Mikel, M.E., R.B. Hayes, M.R. Whalley and J. Memmott. 2007. The impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach. Ecology Letters 10: 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01055.x
  43. Ministry of Environment. 2011. Sectional impact on atmospheric carbon budget over Korea: environmental policy support. MOE, Gwacheon.
  44. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. 2013. City park. Green Area Planning Division. Seoul.
  45. Miller, R.W. 1997. Urban Forest: Planning and Managing Urban Greenspaces. Prentice Hall, Upper River, New Jersey.
  46. Na, G.S. 1997. Mountain of Seoul. The City History Compilation Committee Of Seoul, Seoul.
  47. National Research Council. 1991. The Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy. National Academy Press, Washington.
  48. O'Meara, M. 1999. Reinventing Cities for People and the Planet. Worldwatch, Washington.
  49. Palmer, M.A., S. Filoso and R.M. Fanelli. 2014. From ecosystem to ecosystem services: Stream restoration as ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering 65: 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.059
  50. Park, E.J. 2009. Quantification of $CO_2$ Uptake by Urban Trees and Greenspace Management for C Sequestration. Gyeonggi Research Institute, Suwon.
  51. Park, M.S., S.J. Joo and C.S. Lee. 2013. Effects of urban park and residential area on the atmospheric Quantification of $CO_2$ Uptake by Urban Trees and Greenspace Management for C Sequestration concentration and flux in Seoul of Korea. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 30: 503-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2079-7
  52. Raich, J.W. and A. Tufekcioglu. 2000. Vegetation and soil respiration: correlations and controls. Biogeochemistry 48: 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006112000616
  53. Schimel, D.S. 1995. Terrestrial ecosystems and carbon cycle. Global Chang Biology 1: 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00008.x
  54. Society for Ecological Restoration International. 2004. The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration, www.ser.org and Tucson, Society for Ecological Restoration International.
  55. Tallamy, D.W. 2004. Do alien plants reduce insect biomass? Conservation Biology 18: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.01802.x
  56. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Methodology. United Nations, New York.
  57. United Nations Environment Programme. 2009. Climate change science compendium. UNEP, New York.
  58. Vitousek, P.M., C.M. D'antonio, L.L. Loope, M. Rejmanek and R. Westbrooks. 1997. Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21: 1-16.
  59. Whittaker, R.H. and P.L. Marks. 1975. Methods of assessing terrestrial productivity, In: Lieth, H. and R.H. Whittaker, ed. Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York.