Journal of Wetlands Research (한국습지학회지)

Korean Wetlands Society (한국습지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An analysis of trends in wetland function assessments and further suggestions

습지 기능 평가의 동향 분석 및 제언

  • Hong, Mun Gi (Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kim, Jae Geun (Center for Education Research, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2016.05.17
  • Accepted : 2017.01.03
  • Published : 2017.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Wetland function assessment is not only a basic step to understand wetland ecosystems in detail but also an important process as a base of the term, ecosystem service to recognize wetland ecosystems as valuable and useful resources and goods for human being. WET (wetland evaluation technique), EMAP (environmental monitoring assessment program)-wetlands, and HGM (hydrogeomorphic method) were developed as pioneer wetland function assessments in U.S. at the end of $20^{th}$-century. RAMs (rapid assessment methods) became a major function assessment tool which is relatively simpler and easier assessment tool at the beginning of $21^{th}$-century. After that, the hierarchy of three levels of assessment (landscape assessment, rapid assessment, and intensive assesment) has been prepared and strategically utilized according to the objectives and purposes of function assessments. In South Korea, RAM and HGM were used to assess wetland functions with reforming a couple of items and contents at 2001. And, modified and reformed function assessments have been developed to complement and improve upon the existing RAMs and HGMs. Via the trend analysis on wetland function assessments, some needs which require supplements in terms of function assessment are pointed out: 1) wetland function assessments using useful indicators such as birds are needed with considering our environmental characteristics. 2) optimized wetland function assessments for coastal wetlands are also needed. 3) the network construction and further expansion to lead communications and co-operations between researchers and policy makers is needed in the field of wetland function assessment.

습지를 대상으로 한 기능 평가는 습지의 현 상태를 면밀히 파악하기 위한 기본 단계일 뿐만 아니라 습지를 '우리에게 수많은 편익을 제공하는 하나의 자원이자 재화'로 인식하는 '생태계 서비스' 개념의 토대가 되는 중요한 과정이다. 20세기말 미국에서부터 시작된 습지 기능 평가는 WET, EMAP-wetlands 그리고 HGM의 순서로 발달하였다. 21세기에 접어들며 보다 간편하고 신속하게 수행 가능한 RAM이 기능 평가 개발의 주류를 이루기 시작하였다. 그 이후에는 세 가지 수준의 위계를 갖는 기능 평가의 체계가 갖추어졌으며 기능 평가의 대상과 목적 등에 따라 전략적으로 활용되는 형태로 발전하였다. 우리나라 또한 미국의 HGM과 RAM을 토대로 하여 일부 항목과 내용들을 개선하는 형태로 한 기능 평가가 2001년부터 수행되기 시작하였다. 이후 HGM과 RAM의 약점과 단점을 보완할 뿐만 아니라 우리나라의 환경 특성 및 실정에 맞게 개선된 형태의 기능 평가 도구들이 개발되기 시작하였다. 국내외 습지 기능 평가 연구 동향파악 및 선진국과의 비교 분석을 통해 국내 기능 평가에 있어 우선적으로 보완이 필요한 것들로 다음의 사항들을 제안하는 바이다: 1) 조류와 같이 우리나라의 현실을 고려한 지시자를 활용한 기능 평가 도구가 필요하다. 2) 우리나라 습지의 많은 면적을 차지하고 있는 연안습지를 대상으로 하는 최적화된 기능 평가 도구 개발이 필요하다. 3) 연구자 및 정책담당자들 간의 소통과 협력 공조를 유도할 수 있는 네트워크 구축과 확장이 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Adamus, PR (1983). FHWA Assessment Method, v.2 of Method for Wetland Functional Assessment. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Report no. FHWA-IP-82-24, p. 134.
  2. Adamus, PR and Stockwell, LT (1983). Critical Review and Evaluation Concepts, v. 1 of Method for Wetland Functional Assessment. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Report no. FHWA-IP-82-23, p. 176.
  3. Adamus, PR, Clairain, EJ, Smith, RD and Young, RE (1987). Wetland Evaluation Technique (WET), v. 2 of Methodology. Vicksburg M, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Operational Draft Technical Report p. 206.
  4. Adamus, PR (1988). The FHWA/Adamus (WET) Method for Wetland Functional Assessment., in Hook, DD, McKee, WH, Smith, HK, Gregory, J, Burrell, VG, DeVoe, MR, Sojka, RE, Gilbert, S, Banks, R, Stolzy, LH, Brooks, C, Mathews, TD and Shear, TH. Management, Use, and Value of Wetlands, vol. 2 of The ecology and management of wetlands. Portland, Oreg., Timber Press, pp. 128-133.
  5. Allan, JD, Erickson, DL and Fay, J (1997). The influence of catchment land use on stream integrity across multiple spatial scales. Freshwater Biology, 37(1), pp. 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.d01-546.x
  6. Ammann, AP and Lindley Stone, AL (1991). Method for the Comparative Evaluation of Nontidal Wetlands in New Hampshire. New Hampshire department of environmental services, Concord, NH, USA.
  7. Anderson, JO and Nyberg, L (2008). Relations between topography, wetlands, vegetation cover and stream water chemistry in boreal headwater catchments in Sweden. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 5(3), pp. 1191-1226. https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-1191-2008
  8. Bartoldus, CC, Garbisch, EW and Kraus, ML (1994). Evaluation for Planned Wetlands (EPW). Environmental Concern Inc.: St Michaels, MD.
  9. Blair, RB (1996). Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Application, 6(2), pp. 506-519. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269387
  10. Bradshaw, JG (1991). A Technique for the Functional Assessment of Nontidal Wetlands in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Special report No. 315. In Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA. USA.
  11. Breckenridge, RP, Kepner, WG and Mouat, DA (1995). A process for selecting indicators for monitoring conditions of rangeland health. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 36(1), pp. 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00546984
  12. Brinson, MM (1993). Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands, Washington D.C., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wetlands Research Program Technical Report WRP-DE-4, p. 79.
  13. Brooks, RP, Wardrop, DH and Bishop, JA (2004). Assessing wetland condition on a watershed basis in the Mid-atlantic region using synoptic land-cover maps. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 94(1), pp. 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000016876.63062.3d
  14. Brown, MT and Vivas, MB (2005). Landscape development intensity index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 101(1), pp. 289-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-0296-6
  15. Burglund, J (1999). Montana Wetland Assessment Method. Montana department of transportation and Morrison Maierle, Inc., Helena, MT, USA.
  16. California Resources Agency (1999). California's Valuable Wetlands.
  17. Carletti, A, de Leo, GA and Ferrari, I (2004). A critical review of representative wetland rapid assessment methods in North America. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 14(1), pp. S103-S113. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.654
  18. Choi, H, Park, PS, Kim, JG and Suh, SE (2010). Change of the vegetation due to Soyanggang dam construction, J. of Korean Wetlands Society, 12(3), pp. 1-13. [Korean Literature]
  19. Cohen, JM, Lane, CR and Carstenn, SM (2004). Evaluation of floristic quality indices for biotic assessment of depressional marsh condition in Florida. Ecological Applications, 14(3), pp. 784-794. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5378
  20. Cole, CA (2006). HGM and wetland functional assessment: six digress of separation from the data Ecological Indicators, 6(3), pp. 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.06.004
  21. Comin, FA, Romero, JA, Hernandez, O and Menendez, M (2001). Restoration of wetlands from abandoned rice fields for nutrient removal, and biological community and landscape diversity. Restoration Ecology, 9(2), pp. 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2001.009002201.x
  22. Cook, RA, Lindley Stone, AJ and Ammann, AP (1993). Method for the Evaluation and Inventory of Vegetated Tidal Marshes in New Hampshire: Coastal Method. Audubon Society of New Hampshire, Concord, NH, USA.
  23. Crosbie, B and Chow-Fraser, P (1999). Percentage land use in the watershed determines the water and sediment quality of marshes in the Great Lakes basin. Canadian J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56(10), pp. 1787-1791.
  24. Cylinder, PD, Bogdam, KM, Davis, EM and Herson, AI (1995). Wetlands Regulation: A Complete Guide to Federal and California Programs. Point arena: Solano pross books.
  25. Environmental laboratory (1987). Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. Technical report Y-87-1, U.S. army engineer waterways experiment station, Vicksburg, MS, NTIS No. AD A176-912.
  26. Fennessy, MS, Jacobs, AD and Kentula, ME (2004). Review of Rapid Methods for Assessing Wetland Condition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. EPA/600/R-04/009.
  27. Fennessy, MS, Jacobs, AD and Kentula, ME (2007). An evaluation of rapid methods for assessing the ecological condition of wetlands. Wetlands, 27(3), pp. 543-560. https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2007)27[543:AEORMF]2.0.CO;2
  28. Finch, DM (1991). Positive associations among riparian bird species correspond to elevational changes in plant communities. Canadian J. of Zoology, 69(4), pp. 951-963. https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-139
  29. Francis, CM, Austen, MJW, Bowles, JM and Draper, WB (2000). Assessing floristic quality in southern Ontario woodlands. National Areas J., 20(1), pp. 66-77.
  30. Furgo East Inc. (1995). A Method for the Assessment of Wetland Function. Maryland department of the environment, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  31. Gerakis, A and Kalburtji, K (1998). Agricultural activities affecting the functions and values of Ramsar wetland site of Greece. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 70(2-3), pp. 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(98)00119-4
  32. Gosselink, JG and Lee, LC (1989). Cumulative impact assessment in Bottomland hardwood forests. Wetlands, 9(1), pp. 83-174.
  33. Ha, YS (2009). A study about environmental protection and international environment law -Focus on Ramsar convention-. World Constitutional Law Review, 15(3), pp. 475-498. [Korean Literature]
  34. Hauer, FR and Smith, RD (1998). The hydrogeomorphic approach to functional assessment of riparian wetlands: evaluating impacts and mitigation on river floodplains in the U.S.A. Freshwater Biology, 40(3), pp. 517-530. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00382.x
  35. Hicks, AL (1997). New England Freshwater Wetlands Invertebrate Biomonitoring Protocol (NEFWIBP). The Environmental Institute, University of Massachusettes, Amherst, MA.
  36. Hicks, AL and Carlisle, BK (1998). Rapid Habitat Assessment of Wetlands, Macro-invertebrate Survey Version: Brief Description and Methodology. Massachusetts coastal zone management wetland assessment program, Amherst, MA, USA.
  37. Hong, I, Kang, JG, Kang, SJ and Yeo, HK (2012). Functional assessment for preservation and restoration of wetland-type old river channel: Mangyoung river. J. of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers B, 32(4B), pp. 213-220. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.12652/Ksce.2012.32.4B.213
  38. Hong, MG and Kim, JG (2013). Inhabitation characteristics of Sphagnum palustre in abandoned paddy terrace wetland: a case report in Ansan. J. of Wetlands Research, 15(1), pp. 71-78. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2013.15.1.071
  39. Hruby, T, Ganger, T, Brunner, K, Cooke, S, Dublanica, K, Gersib, R, Reinelt, L, Richter, K, Sheldon, D, Wald, A and Weimmann, F (1998). Methods for Assessing Wetland Functions. Volume I. Riverine and Depressional Wetlands in the Lowlands of Western Washington. Publication No 99-115 Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Ecology.
  40. Hruby, T (2001). Testing the basic assumption of the hydrogeomorphic approach to assessing wetland functions. Environmental Management, 27(5), pp. 749-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010185
  41. Jacobs, AD (2003). Delaware Rapid Assessment Procedure, Version 1.2. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE, USA.
  42. Jang, HJ and Lee, GG (2013). A study on national wetland evaluation for the selection of priority control target wetlands in South Korea. KSCE J. of Civil Engineering, 17(7), pp. 1603-1613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0504-9
  43. Jin, YH, Li, L, Moon, SK and Koo, B (2013). Functional assessment of Jilnalnup wetland by HGM. J. of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration and Technology, 16(2), pp. 13-22. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2013.16.2.013
  44. Ju, EJ, Kim, JG, Lee, YW, Lee, BA, Kim, H, Nam, JM and Kang, HJ (2006). Growth rates and nutrient content changes of Humulus japonicus. J. of Ecology and Field Biology, 29(5), pp. 461-467.
  45. Kang, BH, Shim, SI and Ma, KH (2003). Floristic composition of plant community in set-aside fields with regard to seral stages, Korean J. of Environmental Agriculture, 22(1), pp. 53-59. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2003.22.1.053
  46. Kang, SJ, Kang, JG, Hong, I and Yeo, HK (2012a). Proposal of functional assessment for wetland-type abandoned channel. J. of Wetlands Research, 14(4), pp. 547-559. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2012.14.4.547
  47. Kang, EO, Choi, YE and Kim, CH (2012b). Study on function and vegetational assessment values of man-made wetland in Gunsan city, J. of the Environmental Sciences, 21(8), pp. 997-1007. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2012.21.8.997
  48. Kellett, B, Walshe, T and Bristow, KL (2005). Ecological Risk Assessment for the Wetlands of the Lower Burdekin. CSIRO land and water technical report, 2605, p. 30.
  49. Kent, DM (1994). Applied Wetlands Science and Technology. Lewis publishers, CRC press, Boca raton, Florida, USA p. 436.
  50. Kesel, RH (1989). The role of the Mississippi River in wetland loss in southeastern Louisiana, U.S.A.. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, 13(3), pp. 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01665368
  51. Kim, JG (2003). Wetland conservation and restoration. Nature Conservation, 123, pp. 44-54. [Korean Literature]
  52. Kim, JG (2004). Seasonal variation of redox potential in Jinkwannaedong ecological conservation area. J. of Korean Wetlands Society, 6(2), pp. 65-71. [Korean Literature]
  53. Kim, JG (2005). Assessment of recent industrialization in wetlands near Ulsan, Korea. J. of Paleolimnology, 33(4), pp. 433-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-004-7617-6
  54. Kim, HA (2007). A study on setting up wetland management area through assessment of wetland ecosystem -Focusing on watershed of An-ho reservoir in Go-sung DMZ. Master's thesis of Seoul National University, p. 121.
  55. Kim, JG and Lee, YW (2005). Recent vegetation history and environmental changes in Wangdeungjae moor in Mt. Jiri. Korean J. of Ecology, 28(3), pp. 121-127. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2005.28.3.121
  56. Kim, DE and Kim, JM (2013). Insect fauna of Ungok wetland in Gochang, Jeonbuk, Korea, designated as a wetland protection area at Ramsar convention. J. of Environmental Science International, 22(9), pp. 1141-1152. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2013.22.9.1141
  57. Kim, B-S, Yeo, Y, Oh, D, Sung, K (2015). Status of birds in the Nakdong river estuary bird sanctuary before the four major rivers project. J. of Wetlands Research, 17(3), pp. 264-272. https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2015.17.3.264
  58. Kim, DG, Yoo, BK, Kim JG, Shin, HK, Kim HS, Park, DH, Ahn, JH and Ahn, KS (2009). Study on assessment of value and functions of dam-wetland (2) -Assessment of value by CE: Focussing on Boryung dam-. J. of Korean Wetlands Society, 11(3), pp. 133-143. [Korean Literature]
  59. Kim, DG, Shin, HK, Kim JG, Kim, HS, Yoo, BK, Ahn, KS and Jang, SW (2011). Functional assessment of Yongdam dam-wetland by HGM. J. of Korean Wetlands Society, 13(3), pp. 665-675. [Korean Literature]
  60. Kim, DG, Yoo, BK, Kim, JG, Shin, HK, Kim, HS, Ahn, KS and Jang, SW (2012). Study on assessment of value of Yongdam dam-wetland using contingent valuation method. J. of Wetlands Research, 14(1), pp. 147-158. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2012.14.1.147
  61. Kong, MJ, Lee, BM, Kim, NC and Son, JK (2014). The analysis of function and factors for the value assessment of ecosystem service at rice paddy wetland. J. of Wetlands Research, 16(2), pp. 251-259. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2014.16.2.251
  62. Koo, BH (2004). Classifying type and assessing function of the Banbyun-chon wetlands. The Industrial Science Researchers, 16(0), pp. 1-10. [Korean Literature]
  63. Koo, BH (2007). Final Report on the Construction Business of National Wetlands Inventory. Ministry of Environment, UNDP/GEF, Final report of the center for conservation and management of national wetlands. [Korean Literature]
  64. Koo, BH and Kim, KG (1999). Constructing the functional models of wetland biotopes, J. of Korean Environment Restoration and Revegetation Technology, 2(2), pp. 1-8. [Korean Literature]
  65. Koo, BH and Kim, KG (2001). A study on the assessment for the functions of inland wetlands using RAM (Rapid Assessment Method), J. of Korean Environment Restoration and Revegetation Technology, 4(3), pp. 38-48. [Korean Literature]
  66. Korea National Arboretum (2015). A Study Function and Criteria of Forest Wetland. A report on conservation project of forest wetland. [Korean Literature]
  67. Kotze, DC, Ellery, WN, Macfarlane, DM and Jewitt, GPW (2012). A rapid assessment method for coupling anthropogenic stressors and wetland ecological condition. Ecological Indicators, 13(1), pp. 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.023
  68. Kusler, J and Riexinger, P (1986). National Wetland Assessment Symposium: Albany NY, Association of state wetland managers, Proceedings, p. 331.
  69. Kusler, J and Opheim, T (1996). Our National Wetland Heritage: A Protection Guide (2nd ed.). An Environmental law institute publication.
  70. Kwon, GJ, Lee, BA, Byun, CH, Nam, JM and Kim, JG (2006). The optimal environmental ranges for wetland plants: I. Zizania latifolia and Typha angustifolia. J. of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration and Revegetation Technology, 9(1), pp. 72-88. [Korean Literature]
  71. Lee, SD and Kim, MJ (2010). Development of ecosystem assessment index for the priority management of inland wetland in Gyeongsangnam-do, Proceeding for Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference, 20(1), pp. 89-92. [Korean Literature]
  72. Lee, EY and Moon, SK (2011). Assessment of characteristics and functions of abandoned rice paddy wetlands as habitats for the amphibia within land development districts, J. of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology, 14(1), pp. 35-42. [Korean Literature]
  73. Lee, BA, Kwon, GJ and Kim, JG (2005). The relationship of vegetation and environmental factors in Wangsuk stream and Gwarim reservoir: I. water environments. The Korean J. of Ecology, 28(6), pp. 365-374. https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2005.28.6.365
  74. Lee, SC, Kim, BC and Ahn, YH (2005). Fundamental study of Hanon wetland in Seogeupo city, Jeju island - The case of natural environment, bird species and vascular plants -, J. of Plant and Environment, 1(2), pp. 49-57. [Korean Literature]
  75. Lee, BA, Kwon, GJ and Kim, JG (2007). The optimal environmental ranges for wetland plants: II. Scirpus tabernaemontani and Typha latifolia. J. of Ecology and Field Biology, 30(2), pp. 151-159.
  76. Lee, SY, Choi, JY, Kim, L-H (2015). Suggestion of appropriate design and maintenance in a constructed wetland using monitoring results. J. of Wetland Research, 17(4), pp. 428-435. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2015.17.4.428
  77. Lee, WS, Park, KH, Jung, SG, You, JH and Kim, KT (2009). An classification of management area using assessment of conservation value on forest wetland -Focusing on Sandeul wetland in Mt. Jaeyak, Gyeongsangnam-do-, J. of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies, 12(2), pp. 52-68. [Korean Literature]
  78. Lemly, AD (1996). Risk assessment in the regulatory process for wetlands. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 35(1), pp. 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1996.0080
  79. Lim, YR and Kim, KG (2009). Wetland restoration site selection for promoting biodiversity in abandoned rice paddy fields -Focusing on Gounpo Ban-wol stream watershed, J. of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology, 12(1), pp. 52-66. [Korean Literature]
  80. Lodge, TE, Hillestad, HO, Carney, SW and Darling, RB (1995). Wetland Quality Index (WQI): A Method for Determining Compensatory Mitigation Requirements for Ecologically Impacted Wetlands. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers South Florida Section. Miami, FL, USA.
  81. Lopez, RD and Fennessy, MS (2002). Testing the floristic quality assessment index as an indicator of wetland condition. Ecological Application, 12(2), pp. 487-497. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0487:TTFQAI]2.0.CO;2
  82. Macfarlane, DM, Kotze, DC, Ellery, WN, Walters, D, Koopman, V, Goodman, P and Goge, M (2009). WET-Health: A Technique for Rapidly Assessing Wetland Health. WRC Report No. TT 340/09. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
  83. Mack, JJ (2001). Ohio Rapid Assessment Method for Wetlands v. 5.0: User's Manual and Forms, Columbus, OH: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water Technical Report WET/2001-1.
  84. Mack, JJ (2004). Integrated Wetland Assessment Program, Part 4: Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI) and Tiered Aquatic Life Uses for Ohio Wetlands. Ohio EPA technical report WET/2004-4. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Wetland Ecology Group, Division of Surface Water, Columbus, OH.
  85. Mack, JJ (2007). Developing a wetland IBI with statewide application after multiple testing iteration. Ecological Indicators, 7(4), pp. 864-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.11.002
  86. Magee, DW (1998). A Rapid Procedure for Assessing Wetland Functional Capacity. Normandeau Associates: Bedford, NH.
  87. Magnusson, SE (2004). The changing perception of the Wetlands in and around Kristianstad, Sweden: From waterlogged areas toward a future water kingdom, Kristianstads vattenrike biosphere reserve. Annals of the New York academy of sciences, 1023(0), pp. 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1319.018
  88. Mensing, DM, Galatowitsch, SM and Tester, JR (1998). Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape. J. of Environmental Management, 53(4), pp. 349-377. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1998.0215
  89. Micacchion, M (2004). Integrated Wetland Assessment Program. Part 7: Amphibian Index of Biotic Integrity (AmphIBI) for Ohio Wetlands Ohio EPA, Wetland Ecology Group, Division of Surface Water. Columbus, OH. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency technical report WET/2004-7.
  90. Miller, RE Jr and Gunsalus, BE (1997). Wetland Rapid Assessment Procedure (WRAP). West Palm Beach, FL:South Florida Water Management District, Technical Publication REG-001.
  91. Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources (2003). Minnesota Routine Assessment Method for Evaluating Wetland Functions (MNRAM) Version 3.0. Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources, St. Paul, MN, USA.
  92. Mitsch, WJ and Gosselink, JG (2011). Wetlands 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc..
  93. Murkin, HR, Murkin, EJ and Ball, JP (1997). Avian habitat selection and prairie wetland dynamics: a 10-year experiment. Ecological Application, 7(4), pp. 1144-1159. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1144:AHSAPW]2.0.CO;2
  94. Nassauer, JI (2004). Monitoring the success of metropolitan wetlands restorations: Cultural sustainability and ecological function. Wetlands, 24(4), pp. 756-765. https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0756:MTSOMW]2.0.CO;2
  95. Niemi, GJ and McDonald, ME (2004). Application of ecological indicators. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 35, pp. 89-111. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130132
  96. Novitzki, R (1994). EMAP-Wetlands-A program for assessing wetland condition, in Mitsch WJ, ed., Global wetlands-old world and new, New York, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 694-709.
  97. Novitzki, R, Smith, R and Fretwell, J (1996). Wetland Functions, Values, and Assessment. in National Water Summary on Wetland Resources, USGS Water Supply Paper 2425, Fretwell, J, Williams, J and Redman, P (compilers), pp. 79-86 (Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey).
  98. O'Connell, TJ, Brooks, RP, DeMoss, T and Jackson, LE (2000). MAIA Project Summary Birds Indicate Ecological Condition of the Mid-Atlantic Highlands. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. EPA/620/R-00/003.
  99. Park, MY, Yim, YR, Kim, KG and Joo, YW (2006). The status and characteristics of wetlands created from within abandoned rice paddy fields in South Korea. J. of Korean Society of Environmental Restoration and Revegetation Technology, 9(2), pp. 1-15. [Korean Literature]
  100. Park, MO, Park, ML and Koo, BH (2007). A study on function assessment of coastal wetlands for ecological network establishment. J. of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration and Revegetation Technology, 10(6), pp. 70-80. [Korean Literature]
  101. Park, MO, Koo, BH and Kim, HN (2009). Characteristics and function assessment of inland wetlands in Chungnam province. J. of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology, 12(5), pp. 92-100. [Korean Literature]
  102. Park, J, Hong, MG and Kim, JG (2013). Relationship between early development of plant community and environmental condition in abandoned paddy terraces at mountainous valleys in Korea. J. of Ecology and Environment, 36(2), pp. 131-140. https://doi.org/10.5141/ecoenv.2013.017
  103. Peterson, AC and Niemi, GJ (2007). Evaluation of the Ohio rapid assessment method for wetlands in the western Great Lakes: an analysis using bird communities. J. of Great Lakes Research, 33(sp3), pp. S280-S291. https://doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[280:EOTORA]2.0.CO;2
  104. Piyankarage, SC, Mallawatantri, AP, Matsuno, Y and Pathiratne, KAS (2004). Human impacts and the status of water quality in the Bundala Ramsar wetland lagoon system in Southern Sri Lanka. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 12(5), pp. 473-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-004-6566-1
  105. Ramsar convention (1997). The Ramsar Convention Manual: A Guide to the Convention on Wetlands. 2nd ed.
  106. Ramsar convention (1999). Resolution VII.10. Wetland risk assessment framework. http://www.ramsar.org/key_guide_risk_e.htm.
  107. Rani, M, Kumar, P, Yadav, M and Hooda, RS (2011). Wetland assessment and monitoring using image processing techniques: a case study Ranchi, India. J. of Geographic Information System, 3(4), pp. 345-350. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2011.34032
  108. Reed, PB (1988). National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary. U.S. Fish and wildlife service, Washington, DC, USA. Biology reports, 88(24), p. 99.
  109. Reiss, KC and Brown, MT (2005). Pilot Study-the Florida Wetland Condition Index (FWCI): Preliminary Development of Biological Indicators for Forested Strand and Floodplain Wetlands, Gainesville, FL: Howard T Odum center for wetlands, University of Florida.
  110. Reiss, KC and Brown, MT (2007). Evaluation of Florida palustrine wetlands: application of USEPA level 1, 2, and 3 assessment methods. Ecohealth, 4(2), pp. 206-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-007-0107-3
  111. Rodhe, A and Seibert, J (1999). Wetland occurrence in relation to topography: A test of topographic indices as moisture indicators. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 98-99 (1999), pp. 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00104-5
  112. Roh, YH, Lim, CK and Park, HC (2010). The ecotourism with the restoration of the crested ibis at Upo wetland. J. of the Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 16(4), pp. 417-427. [Korean Literature]
  113. Roth, E, Olsen, R, Snow, P and Summer, R (1996). Oregon Freshwater Wetland Assessment Methodology. Wetlands program, Oregon division of state lands, Salem, OR, USA.
  114. Shim, SO (2011). Possibility of wetlands as eco-friendly tourism resources -Focusing on Upo Ramsar wetland-. Social Science Research Institute, 27(1), pp. 133-153. [Korean Literature]
  115. Shim, HB, Cho, WB and Choi, BH (2009). Distribution of halophytes in coastal salt marsh and on sand dunes in Korea. Korean J. of Plant Taxonomy, 39(4), pp. 264-276. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2009.39.4.264
  116. Shin, HK, Kim, DG, Kim, JG, Kim, HS, Ahn, JH, Yoo, BK, Ahn, KS and Park, D (2009). Study on assessment of value and functions of Dam-wetland (1) -Assessment of functions by HGM: Focusing on Boryung dam-. J. of wetlands research, 11(3), pp. 115-132. [Korean Literature]
  117. Smith, RD, Ammann, A, Bartoldus, C and Brinson, MM (1995). An Approach for Assessing Wetland Functions Using Hydrogeomorphic Classification, Reference Wetlands, and Functional Indices. Technical Report WRP-DE-9, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
  118. Son, JK, Kim, NC and Kang, BH (2010). The type classification and function assessment at small palustrine wetland in rural areas. J. of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology, 13(6), pp. 117-131. [Korean Literature]
  119. Son, JK, Kang, DH, Lee, SY and Kang, BH (2014). The functional selection for the assessment of ecosystem service at pond wetland in agricultural landscape. Conference book. [Korean Literature]
  120. Son, JK, Kim, M, Lee, SY, Kang, DH and Kang, BH (2014). The assessment of conservation value for agricultural pond wetland using the weighted function of modified RAM. J. of the Korean Society of Rural Planning, 20(4), pp. 13-24. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.7851/ksrp.2014.20.4.013
  121. Stauffer, DF and Best, LB (1980). Habitat selection by birds of riparian communities: evaluating effects of habitat alterations. J. of Wildlife Management, 44(1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3808345
  122. Sutter, LA and Wuenscher, JR (1996). NC-CREWS: a wetland functional assessment procedure for the North Carolina coastal area. Division of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, NC.
  123. Sutula, MA, Stein, ED, Collins, JN, Fetscher, AE and Clark, R (2006). A practical guide for the development of a wetland assessment method: the California experience. J. of the American Water Resources Association, 42(1), pp. 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03831.x
  124. Templet, PH and Meyer-Arendt, KJ (1988). Louisiana wetland loss: A regional water management approach to the problem. Environmental Management, 12(2), pp. 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01873387
  125. Tilton, DL, Shaw, K, Ballard, B and Thomas, W (2001). A Wetland Protection Plan for the Lower One Subwatershed of the Rouge River. RPO-NPS-SR28. Rouge river national wet weather demonstration project.
  126. Tiner, RW (1999). Wetland indicators: A Guide to Wetland Identification, Delineation, Classification, and Mapping. Lewis Publishers.
  127. Turner, RK, van den Bergh, JCJM, Sőderqvist, T, Barendregt, A, van der Straaten, J, Maltby, E and van Ierland, EC (2000). Ecological-economic analysis of wetlands: scientific integration for management and policy. Ecological Economics, 35(1), pp. 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00164-6
  128. US Army Corps of Engineers (1995). The Highway Methodology Workbook Supplement. Wetland Functions and Values: A Descriptive Approach. US Army Corps of Engineers, New England division, NENEP-360-1-30a.
  129. USGS (1999). Restoration, Creation, and Recovery of Wetlands: Wetland Functions, Values, and Assessment. National water summary on wetland resources. United states geological survey water supply paper 2425.
  130. Wardrop, DH, Kentula, ME, Stevens, DL, Jensen, SF and Brooks, RP (2007). Assessment of wetland condition: an example from the upper Juniata watershed in Pennsylvania, USA. Wetlands, 27(3), pp. 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2007)27[416:AOWCAE]2.0.CO;2
  131. Washington State Department of Ecology (1993). Washington State Wetlands Rating System: Western Washington, Second Edition. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA, USA, Publication #93-74.
  132. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1992). Rapid Assessment Methodology for Evaluating Wetland Functional Values. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
  133. Whitt, MB, Prince, H and Cox, Jr R (1999). Avian use of purple loosestrife dominated habitat relative to other vegetation types in a Lake Huron wetland complex. The Wilson Bulletin, 111(1), pp. 105-114.
  134. Yang, BH, Cho, US and Koo, BH (2005). Type classification and functional assessment of a dam lake - In the case of the Boryung lake -, J. of Korean Environmental Restoration and Revegetation Technology, 8(6), pp. 80-91. [Korean Literature]
  135. Yin, S, Kim, DG, Kim, HS and Kwak, JW (2010). Assessment of Hwapo riverine wetland function using hydrogeomorphic approach. J. of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers B, 30(1B), pp. 53-60. [Korean Literature]
  136. Zhou, D, Gong, H and Liu, Z (2008). Integrated ecological assessment of biophysical wetland habitat in water catchments: Linking hydro-ecological modelling with geo-information techniques. Ecological Modelling, 214(2-4), pp. 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.03.014